Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26698298›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's research & therapy2015

Neurogranin and YKL-40: independent markers of synaptic degeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.

Konstantin Hellwig, Hlin Kvartsberg, Erik Portelius, Ulf Andreasson, Timo Jan Oberstein, Piotr Lewczuk, Kaj Blennow, Johannes Kornhuber, Juan Manuel Maler, Henrik Zetterberg and 1 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05601856 (Gut Microbiome and Blood Indices in Patients With AD and Their Spousal Caregivers), which is not on this map. Cited by 77 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
77citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
7.7field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05601856 unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Gut Microbiome and Blood Indices in Patients With AD and Their Spousal Caregivers

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity of VirginiaRan2022 to 2025Enrolled104ConditionsAlzheimer Disease, Gut Biome
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

77 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.

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  10. Differences in blood levels of neuroligin-derived peptides in a cohort for early detection of Alzheimer's disease.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026
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  16. Exploring Intrinsic Disorder in Human Synucleins and Associated Proteins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024
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17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.

Konstantin HellwigDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University clinic Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. konstantin.hellwig@uk-erlangen.de.
Hlin KvartsbergClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. hlin.johansson-schmidt@neuro.gu.se.
Erik PorteliusClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. erik.portelius@neuro.gu.se.
Ulf AndreassonClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. ulf.andreasson@neuro.gu.se.
Timo Jan ObersteinDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University clinic Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. timo.oberstein@uk-erlangen.de.
Piotr LewczukDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University clinic Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. piotr.lewczuk@uk-erlangen.de.
Kaj BlennowClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. kaj.blennow@neuro.gu.se.
Johannes KornhuberDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University clinic Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. johannes.kornhuber@uk-erlangen.de.
Juan Manuel MalerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University clinic Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. manuel.maler@uk-erlangen.de.
Henrik ZetterbergClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. henrik.zetterberg@clinchem.gu.se.
Philipp SpitzerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University clinic Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. philipp.spitzer@uk-erlangen.de.
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg · DEInstitute of Neurobiology · BGAlzeCure Foundation · SEInstitute of Molecular Medicine · IN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionNeuroinflammation and synaptic degeneration are major neuropathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurogranin and YKL-40 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are newly discovered markers indicating synaptic damage and microglial activation, respectively.

methodsCSF samples from 95 individuals including 39 patients with AD dementia (AD-D), 13 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (MCI-AD), 29 with MCI not due to AD (MCI-o) and 14 patients with non-AD dementias (non-AD-D) were analyzed for neurogranin and YKL-40.

resultsPatients with dementia or MCI due to AD showed elevated levels of CSF neurogranin (p < 0.001 for AD-D and p < 0.05 for MCI-AD) and YKL-40 (p < 0.05 for AD-D and p = 0.15 for MCI-AD) compared to mildly cognitively impaired subjects not diagnosed with AD. CSF levels of neurogranin and YKL-40 did not differ between MCI not due to AD and non-AD dementias. In AD subjects no correlation between YKL-40 and neurogranin was found. The CSF neurogranin levels correlated moderately with tau and p-tau but not with Aβ42 or the MMSE in AD samples. No relevant associations between YKL-40 and MMSE or the core AD biomarkers, Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau were found in AD subjects.

conclusionsNeurogranin and YKL-40 are promising AD biomarkers, independent of and complementary to the established core AD biomarkers, reflecting additional pathological changes in the course of AD.

Indexed as

AdipokinesAgedAlzheimer DiseaseAmyloid beta-PeptidesBiomarkersChitinase-3-Like Protein 1Cognitive DysfunctionDisease ProgressionFemaleHumansLectinsMaleMiddle AgedNeurogranintau ProteinsAdipokinesAmyloid beta-PeptidesBiomarkersCHI3L1 protein, humanChitinase-3-Like Protein 1LectinsNeurogranintau Proteins

Identifiers

PMID26698298
PMCPMC4690296
OpenAlexW2205427262

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.