ArticleJournal of the American College of Nutrition
Breakfast Intake and Composition Is Associated with Superior Academic Achievement in Elementary Schoolchildren.
Article in Journal of the American College of Nutrition. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nutrition items regulated by school nutrition policies in the USA and academic performance: a review of the non-policy literature.Public health nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Systematic review.Revista de saude publica · 2021Pooled it
- Comparative Effect of Low-Glycemic Index versus High-Glycemic Index Breakfasts on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Article
- State and federal policies and school meal participation: A descriptive analysis from Arizona.PloS one · 2026Article
- Prospective association between breakfast consumption frequency and BMI z-score among European school-aged children. The Feel4Diabetes Study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- The Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and High-Energy Diets and Academic Performance in Junior School Students.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Article
- Prevalence of Evidence-Based School Meal Practices and Associations with Reported Food Waste across a National Sample of U.S. Elementary Schools.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Role of District Wellness Policies in Encouraging Student Participation in the School Breakfast Program, United States.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Breakfast consumption among Saudi primary-school children relative to sex and socio-demographic factors.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Do High School Students Participate in Second Chance Breakfast Programs?The Journal of school health · 2020Article
- Effects of eating breakfast on children and adolescents: A systematic review of potentially relevant outcomes in economic evaluations.Food & nutrition research · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether breakfast consumption or content affects academic achievement measured by standardized tests.
methodsBaseline data were collected in fall of 2011 from 698 students (50.5% female, age = 7.5 ± 0.6 years) living in the state of Kansas. Academic achievement was assessed using 3 components from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III). Prior to taking the WIAT-III, participants completed a breakfast recall of all foods and drinks consumed that morning, which was analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R). WIAT-III scores were compared between breakfast and non-breakfast consumers in a sample (n = 162) matched for age, sex, race, education level of both parents, household income, body mass index (BMI), and cardiovascular fitness, and Pearson correlations were calculated from all breakfast eaters (n = 617) between test performance and components of the breakfast.
resultsWhen compared to non-breakfast consumers, the breakfast consumers had significantly higher scores in all 3 WIAT-III components (all p < 0.05). In breakfast consumers, servings of fruit juice were negatively correlated with reading comprehension and fluency standard score and mathematics standard score (both p < 0.0001), and greater servings of whole grains were significantly related to higher scores in reading comprehension and fluency and mathematics (both p < 0.05).
conclusionBoth breakfast consumption and the content may be associated with improved standardized test performance in elementary school students.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.