ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2015
Bacterial Exchange in Household Washing Machines.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacterial communities in domestic washing machines associated with user-perceived odours.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- External Microplastic Filters for Washing Machines: Advances, Technical Challenges, and Biofouling Mitigation.Membranes · 2026Review
- Targeted Metagenomics Using Next-Generation Sequencing Methods.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Laundry Practices in Eliminating Mpox Virus From Fabrics.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Microbial cross contamination in household laundering and microbial ecology of household washing machines.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Microbial Colonization, Biofilm Formation, and Malodour of Washing Machine Surfaces and Fabrics and the Evolution of Detergents in Response to Consumer Demands and Environmental Concerns.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Relationship between Gut, Blood, Aneurysm Wall and Thrombus Microbiome in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Assessing Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in University Dormitory Washing Machines.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Transferability of Human and Environmental Microbiome on Clothes as a Tool for Forensic Investigations.Genes · 2024Article
- Bacterial Contamination in the Different Parts of Household Washing Machine: New Insights from Chengdu, Western China.Current microbiology · 2024Article
- The military gear microbiome: risk factors surrounding the warfighter.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Metabarcoding Analysis of Microorganisms Inside Household Washing Machines in Shanghai, China.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Article
- The Microbiome of Things: Appliances, Machines, and Devices Hosting Artificial Niche-Adapted Microbial Communities.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Analysis of biofilm and bacterial communities in the towel environment with daily use.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Aging of Industrial Polypropylene Surfaces in Detergent Solution and Its Consequences for Biofilm Formation.Polymers · 2023Article
- Ag/Cu-Chitosan Composite Improves Laundry Hygiene and Reduces Silver Emission in Washing Machines.Polymers · 2023Article
- Genome-Based Analysis of Virulence Factors and Biofilm Formation in NovelMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Magnetron Sputtering of Transition Metals as an Alternative Production Means for Antibacterial Surfaces.Microorganisms · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Household washing machines (WMs) launder soiled clothes and textiles, but do not sterilize them. We investigated the microbial exchange occurring in five household WMs. Samples from a new cotton T-shirt were laundered together with a normal laundry load. Analyses were performed on the influent water and the ingoing cotton samples, as well as the greywater and the washed cotton samples. The number of living bacteria was generally not lower in the WM effluent water as compared to the influent water. The laundering process caused a microbial exchange of influent water bacteria, skin-, and clothes-related bacteria and biofilm-related bacteria in the WM. A variety of biofilm-producing bacteria were enriched in the effluent after laundering, although their presence in the cotton sample was low. Nearly all bacterial genera detected on the initial cotton sample were still present in the washed cotton samples. A selection for typical skin- and clothes-related microbial species occurred in the cotton samples after laundering. Accordingly, malodour-causing microbial species might be further distributed to other clothes. The bacteria on the ingoing textiles contributed for a large part to the microbiome found in the textiles after laundering.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.