ArticlePloS one2015
Etiology and Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Children under 5 Years of Age in Mali: A Prospective Case-Control Study.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pneumonia in Ghana: prevalence, mortality and antimicrobial resistance-a systematic review and meta-analysis.International health · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in children with acute respiratory illnesses in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- The epidemiology of seasonal influenza after the 2009 influenza pandemic in Africa: a systematic review.African health sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Prevalence of pneumonia and its associated factors among under-five children in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Magnitude and Predictors of Pneumonia among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of environmental and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Septic pulmonary embolism in Somali children: a retrospective study from a tertiary hospital.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Early and rapid prediction of severe Human Bocavirus 1 pneumonia in children: an age-stratified Nomogram Model based on admission data.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Determinants of community-acquired pneumonia among under-five children in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Predictors of severity and prolonged hospital stay of viral acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children under five years in Burkina Faso, 2016-2019.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Pneumococcal colonization and coinfecting respiratory viruses in children under 5 years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective case-control study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Children Under 5 Years of Age in Sub-Saharan Africa.Global pediatric health · 2024Review
- Burden of respiratory syncytial virus diseases among under 5 children in Sub-Saharan Africa:Heliyon · 2023Article
- Viral etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in children < 5 years of age in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective case-control study.Virology journal · 2023Article
- Pathogens associated with hospitalization due to acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in rural Ghana: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Epidemiology and mortality predictors for severe childhood community-acquired pneumonia in ICUs: A retrospective observational study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Systematic review and meta-analysis on the etiology of bacterial pneumonia in children in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of public health in Africa · 2022Article
- Age-specific risk factors of severe pneumonia among pediatric patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Among African Children.Journal of pediatrics review · 2020Article
- Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia.BMC genomics · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundThere are very limited data on children with pneumonia in Mali. The objective was to assess the etiology and factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children <5 years of age in Mali.
methodsA prospective hospital-based case-control study was implemented in the Pediatric department of Gabriel Touré University Hospital at Bamako, Mali, between July 2011-December 2012. Cases were children with radiologically-confirmed pneumonia; Controls were hospitalized children without respiratory features, matched for age and period. Respiratory specimens, were collected to identify 19 viruses and 5 bacteria. Whole blood was collected from cases only. Factors associated with pneumonia were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.
resultsOverall, 118 cases and 98 controls were analyzed; 44.1% were female, median age was 11 months. Among pneumonia cases, 30.5% were hypoxemic at admission, mortality was 4.2%. Pneumonia cases differed from the controls regarding clinical signs and symptoms but not in terms of past medical history. Multivariate analysis of nasal swab findings disclosed that S. pneumoniae (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.6-7.0), human metapneumovirus (aOR = 17.2, 95% CI: 2.0-151.4), respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] (aOR = 7.4, 95% CI: 2.3-23.3), and influenza A virus (aOR = 10.7, 95% CI: 1.0-112.2) were associated with pneumonia, independently of patient age, gender, period, and other pathogens. Distribution of S. pneumoniae and RSV differed by season with higher rates of S. pneumoniae in January-June and of RSV in July-September. Pneumococcal serotypes 1 and 5 were more frequent in pneumonia cases than in the controls (P = 0.009, and P = 0.04, respectively).
conclusionsIn this non-PCV population from Mali, pneumonia in children was mainly attributed to S. pneumoniae, RSV, human metapneumovirus, and influenza A virus. Increased pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage in children could significantly reduce the burden of pneumonia in sub-Saharan African countries.
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