ReviewVaccines2015
The Dichotomy of Tumor Exosomes (TEX) in Cancer Immunity: Is It All in the ConTEXt?
Review in Vaccines, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploring tumor-derived exosomes as promising antigenic platforms: novel vaccine and immunotherapy strategies for "cold" colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- From immune desert to hot tumor: the tripartite synergy of tumor microenvironment-exosomes-immunogenic cell death in pioneering solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Research progress on the roles of extracellular vesicles in tumor immunity and drug resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Engineered exosomes: a promising approach for overcoming challenges in pancreatic cancer therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Expression of vesiculation-related genes is associated with a tumor-promoting microenvironment: a pan-cancer analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles in tumor immunity: mechanisms and novel insights.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review on Applications, Challenges, and Clinical Progress.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles, Circulating Tumor Cells, and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Hints and Promises.Cells · 2024Review
- Tumor-derived exosomes: immune properties and clinical application in lung cancer.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2022Review
- A novel costimulatory molecule gene-modified leukemia cell-derived exosome-targeted CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2021Article
- The Role of Melanoma Cell-Derived Exosomes (MTEX) and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) within a Tumor Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Dendritic cells loaded with exosomes derived from cancer stem cell-enriched spheroids as a potential immunotherapeutic option.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2021Article
- Microbial Antigen-Presenting Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Genetically Modified Tumor Cells Promote Antitumor Activity of Dendritic Cells.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- The Immunomodulation Potential of Exosomes in Tumor Microenvironment.Journal of immunology research · 2021Review
- Tumor-Derived Exosomes Enriched by miRNA-124 Promote Anti-tumor Immune Response in CT-26 Tumor-Bearing Mice.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Tumor-derived exosomes: the next generation of promising cell-free vaccines in cancer immunotherapy.Oncoimmunology · 2020Review
- Crosstalk between Stress Granules, Exosomes, Tumour Antigens, and Immune Cells: Significance for Cancer Immunity.Vaccines · 2020Review
- Fat Therapeutics: The Clinical Capacity of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Exosomes for Human Disease and Tissue Regeneration.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Review
- Tumor-Derived Exosomes in Immunosuppression and Immunotherapy.Journal of immunology research · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Exosomes are virus-sized nanoparticles (30-130 nm) formed intracellularly as intravesicular bodies/intralumenal vesicles within maturing endosomes ("multivesicular bodies", MVBs). If MVBs fuse with the cell's plasma membrane, the interior vesicles may be released extracellularly, and are termed "exosomes". The protein cargo of exosomes consists of cytosolic, membrane, and extracellular proteins, along with membrane-derived lipids, and an extraordinary variety of nucleic acids. As such, exosomes reflect the status and identity of the parent cell, and are considered as tiny cellular surrogates. Because of this closely entwined relationship between exosome content and the source/status of the parental cell, conceivably exosomes could be used as vaccines against various pathologies, as they contain antigens associated with a given disease, e.g., cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) have been shown to be potent anticancer vaccines in animal models, driving antigen-specific T and B cell responses, but much recent literature concerning TEX strongly places the vesicles as powerfully immunosuppressive. This dichotomy suggests that the context in which the immune system encounters TEX is critical in determining immune stimulation versus immunosuppression. Here, we review literature on both sides of this immune coin, and suggest that it may be time to revisit the concept of TEX as anticancer vaccines in clinical settings.
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