ArticleEmerging infectious diseases2016
Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Herd Immunity after Introduction of Vaccination Program, Scotland, 2009-2013.
Article in Emerging infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes on community rates of HPV-related disease and harms from vaccination.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of non-vaccine high-risk HPV cervical infections in vaccinated women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness by age at vaccination: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Post Treatment Sexual Function and Quality of Life of Patients Affected by Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet (London, England) · 2019Pooled it
- Population-Level Effects of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programs on Infections with Nonvaccine Genotypes.Emerging infectious diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Effectiveness of a School- and Primary Care-Based HPV Vaccination Intervention: The PrevHPV Cluster Randomized Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Effectiveness of the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine in reducing oropharyngeal HPV infections in young females-Results from a community-randomized trial.International journal of cancer · 2020Trial
- Sustained Immunogenicity of 2-dose Human Papillomavirus 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted Vaccine Schedules in Girls Aged 9-14 Years: A Randomized Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Trial
- Population-Based First Estimates of the Effect of HPV Vaccination in Three Italian Areas Covered by Organised Cervical Screening.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Susceptibility of naturally human papillomavirus type 16 major capsid protein L1 variants to vaccines and predictions of future evolutionary trends.Tumour virus research · 2026Article
- Sustained impact of bivalent HPV immunisation on CIN incidence over two rounds of cervical screening.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Optimizing the Harms and Benefits of Cervical Screening in a Partially Vaccinated Population in Ontario, Canada: A Modeling Study.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2025Article
- The indirect effect of the bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination program: an observational cohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Observational
- HPV Genotype Trends in Iran: Necessity for a Reevaluation of Prevention Strategies.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Beyond Vaccination: Exploring Young Adults' Awareness, Knowledge, and Attitudes Related to Sexually Transmitted Infections in Romania.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Changes in Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevalence During 12 Years of Girls-Only Bivalent HPV Vaccination: Results From a Biennial Repeated Cross-sectional Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of HPV vaccination in reducing infection among young Brazilian women.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Impacts of travel duration on urban-rural resident free vaccination behavior: Chinese COVID-19 vaccine booster dose evidence.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In 2008, a national human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization program using a bivalent vaccine against HPV types 16 and 18 was implemented in Scotland along with a national surveillance program designed to determine the longitudinal effects of vaccination on HPV infection at the population level. Each year during 2009-2013, the surveillance program conducted HPV testing on a proportion of liquid-based cytology samples from women undergoing their first cervical screening test for precancerous cervical disease. By linking vaccination, cervical screening, and HPV testing data, over the study period we found a decline in HPV types 16 and 18, significant decreases in HPV types 31, 33, and 45 (suggesting cross-protection), and a nonsignificant increase in HPV 51. In addition, among nonvaccinated women, HPV types 16 and 18 infections were significantly lower in 2013 than in 2009. Our results preliminarily indicate herd immunity and sustained effectiveness of the bivalent vaccine on virologic outcomes at the population level.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.