Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26690771›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of clinical pharmacology2016

An ecological study of the extent and factors associated with the use of prescription and over-the-counter codeine in Australia.

Natasa Gisev, Suzanne Nielsen, Elena Cama, Briony Larance, Raimondo Bruno, Louisa Degenhardt

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
5.6field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.

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  9. Changes for codeine.Australian prescriber · 2018
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Natasa GisevNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. n.gisev@unsw.edu.au.
Suzanne NielsenNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Elena CamaNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Briony LaranceNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Raimondo BrunoNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Louisa DegenhardtNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
University of Tasmania · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe extent and factors associated with codeine use in the community remain poorly understood despite the widespread global use of codeine. The aim of this study was to examine the use of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) codeine in Australia and identify the geographic and socio-demographic characteristics associated with prescription and OTC codeine use.

methodsNational sales data for prescription and OTC codeine (supplied by IMS Health) were used to estimate codeine utilisation (in pack sales and milligrammes) in Australia during 2013, mapped to Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Statistical Local Areas (SLAs) and Remoteness Areas. Socio-demographic characteristics and total population estimates of SLAs were obtained from the ABS. SLA-level data on sex, age distribution, income, occupations involving physical labour and number of pharmacies were included in linear regression analyses to examine their association with total, prescription and OTC codeine use.

resultsIn total, 27,780,234 packs of codeine were sold in Australia during 2013, equating to 12,376 kg. OTC codeine preparations accounted for 15,490,207 packs (55.8 %) or 4967.30 kg (40.1 %). Nationally, an estimated 1.24 packs (or 554.10 mg) of codeine were sold per person; utilisation was higher in more remote areas. SLAs with a higher percentage of low-income earning households had the highest rates of prescription codeine use (β 0.16, p < 0.001), whereas SLAs with a higher percentage of males had the highest rates of OTC codeine use (β 0.22, p < 0.001).

conclusionsCodeine use is common in Australia, with clear distinctions in the geographic and socio-demographic characteristics associated with prescription and OTC codeine use.

Indexed as

AgedAnalgesics, OpioidAustraliaCodeineDrug UsersFemaleHumansMaleNonprescription DrugsPharmaciesPrescription DrugsProfessional RoleAnalgesics, OpioidCodeineNonprescription DrugsPrescription DrugsAnalgesicsCodeineDrug utilisationNon-prescription drugsOpioidsPharmacoepidemiology

Identifiers

PMID26690771
OpenAlexW2257934975

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.