SynthesisHealth security
Antitoxin Treatment of Inhalation Anthrax: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Health security. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antitoxin Use in the Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax Disease: A Systematic Review.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Chimeric Antibody Engineering AgainstToxins · 2026Article
- Anthrax lethal toxin and tumor necrosis factor-α synergize on intestinal epithelia to induce mouse death.Protein & cell · 2024Article
- CDC Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax, 2023.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2023Article
- Anthrax revisited: how assessing the unpredictable can improve biosecurity.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Comprehensive characterization of toxins during progression of inhalation anthrax in a non-human primate model.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Welder's Anthrax: A Tale of 2 Cases.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- PathogenicPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Article
- A Review of the Efficacy of FDA-ApprovedToxins · 2021Review
- Article
- Efferocytosis and Anthrax: Implications for Bacterial Sepsis?Journal of cellular immunology · 2021Article
- TheMicroorganisms · 2020Review
- Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2020Review
- Repurposing Clinically Approved Drugs for the Treatment ofACS omega · 2020Article
- Current Status and Trends in Prophylaxis and Management of Anthrax Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Very Early Blood Diffusion of the Active Lethal and Edema Factors of Bacillus anthracis After Intranasal Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Neuroterrorism Preparedness for the Neurohospitalist.The Neurohospitalist · 2019Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Concern about use of anthrax as a bioweapon prompted development of novel anthrax antitoxins for treatment. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of anthrax recommend antitoxin therapy in combination with intravenous antimicrobials; however, a large-scale or mass anthrax incident may exceed antitoxin availability and create a need for judicious antitoxin use. We conducted a systematic review of antitoxin treatment of inhalation anthrax in humans and experimental animals to inform antitoxin recommendations during a large-scale or mass anthrax incident. A comprehensive search of 11 databases and the FDA website was conducted to identify relevant animal studies and human reports: 28 animal studies and 3 human cases were identified. Antitoxin monotherapy at or shortly after symptom onset demonstrates increased survival compared to no treatment in animals. With early treatment, survival did not differ between antimicrobial monotherapy and antimicrobial-antitoxin therapy in nonhuman primates and rabbits. With delayed treatment, antitoxin-antimicrobial treatment increased rabbit survival. Among human cases, addition of antitoxin to combination antimicrobial treatment was associated with survival in 2 of the 3 cases treated. Despite the paucity of human data, limited animal data suggest that adjunctive antitoxin therapy may improve survival. Delayed treatment studies suggest improved survival with combined antitoxin-antimicrobial therapy, although a survival difference compared with antimicrobial therapy alone was not demonstrated statistically. In a mass anthrax incident with limited antitoxin supplies, antitoxin treatment of individuals who have not demonstrated a clinical benefit from antimicrobials, or those who present with more severe illness, may be warranted. Additional pathophysiology studies are needed, and a point-of-care assay correlating toxin levels with clinical status may provide important information to guide antitoxin use during a large-scale anthrax incident.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.