ReviewSurgical infections2016
Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism: Evolution of Multiple Organ Dysfunction.
Review in Surgical infections, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Potential Targets to Mitigate Trauma- or Sepsis-Induced Immune Suppression.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Pathophysiology-guided biomarkers and therapeutics for precision trauma medicine in polytrauma with musculoskeletal injuries.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Timing of disseminated intravascular coagulation onset is associated with development of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome in critically ill patients.Thrombosis journal · 2026Article
- A Prediction Model for Persistent Inflammation-Immunosuppression-Catabolism Syndrome in Patients with Sepsis: An Ambispective Cohort Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Robot-Assisted Colorectal Cancer Surgery Mitigates Early Postoperative Immunosuppression and Angiogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Assessing antimicrobial utilization and costs, and correlating biological markers with adverse events in ICU patients: An effort towards antimicrobial stewardship.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Association between cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health and rheumatoid arthritis prevalence: A cross-sectional study.Medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of Preoperative Biliary Stenting on Intestinal Dysfunction and Perioperative Complications After Pylorus-Preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- The association of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and prognostic nutritional index with the development to chronic critical illness and their prognosis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical treatment for persistent inflammation, immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Review
- Neutrophils and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS).International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Gut Microbiota and Critically Ill Patients: Immunity and Its Modulation via Probiotics and Immunonutrition.Nutrients · 2023Review
- [Analysis of the risk factors of persistent inflammation-immunosuppression-catabolism syndrome in patients with extensive burns].Zhonghua shao shang yu chuang mian xiu fu za zhi · 2023Article
- Clinical Criteria for Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome: An Exploratory Analysis of Optimal Cut-Off Values for Biomarkers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- In Vivo and Ex Vivo Mitochondrial Function in COVID-19 Patients on the Intensive Care Unit.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Characterization of Early Peripheral Immune Responses in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Systemic Immune Modulation Alters Local Bone Regeneration in a Delayed Treatment Composite Model of Non-Union Extremity Trauma.Frontiers in surgery · 2022Article
- Immune dysfunction following severe trauma: A systems failure from the central nervous system to mitochondria.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Tong‑fu‑li‑fei decoction attenuates immunosuppression to protect the intestinal‑mucosal barrier in sepsis by inhibiting the PD‑1/PD‑L1 signaling pathway.Molecular medicine reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMultiple organ dysfunction (MOD) has plagued intensive care units (ICUs) for more than four decades, and its epidemiology has evolved because more patients are surviving previously lethal insults. Over the years, different predominant phenotypes of MOD have been described, all of which have consumed tremendous healthcare resources and have been associated with prolonged ICU stays and prohibitive mortality rates.
methodsReview of the English-language literature.
resultsBy the 1990s, it became widely accepted that MOD could ensue after both infectious and non-infectious insults by what appeared to be a similar auto-destructive systemic inflammatory response. A 1996 analysis recognized that MOD was a bimodal phenomenon. As a result of years of implementation efforts, fewer patients died of early fulminant sepsis, and those who developed MOD survived hospitalization. Unfortunately, a substantial portion of these patients enter a state of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism (PICS) marked by persistent loss of lean body mass with failure to rehabilitate, sepsis recidivism necessitating re-hospitalization, increasing functional dependence, and an indolent path to death.
conclusionUnfortunately, as our population ages and peri-operative care improves, PICS will become an insurmountable epidemic. We believe PICS is the next horizon in surgical critical care and have developed a program to study the pathogenesis and novel therapies for this vexing problem.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.