ArticleCurrent opinion in behavioral sciences2016
How Early Hormones Shape Gender Development.
Article in Current opinion in behavioral sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- In support of 2D:4D: More data exploring its conflicting results on handedness, sexual orientation and sex differences.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Cross-Generational Integration of Exercise and Nutritional Encoding in Offspring Adipose Genomics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Reproductive success in the anthropocene: A view through a One Health lens.The anthropocene review · 2025Review
- Sexual and Gender Diversity in Thailand: Associations with Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior and Adulthood Occupational Preferences.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Enduring prenatal androgen effects on the female brain.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Prenatal environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder and their potential mechanisms.BMC medicine · 2024Review
- The association between 2D:4D digit ratio and sex-typed play in children with and without siblings.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- The genetics and hormonal basis of human gender identity.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- Exploring sex differences: insights into gene expression, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, cognition, and pathology.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Imprinting and Reproductive Health: A Toxicological Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Prenatal androgen influences on the brain: A review, critique, and illustration of research on congenital adrenal hyperplasia.Journal of neuroscience research · 2023Review
- Monkeys do not show sex differences in toy preferences through their individual choices.Biology of sex differences · 2023Article
- Caffeinated energy drink consumption among Emirati adolescents is associated with a cluster of poor physical and mental health, and unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Gender dysphoria in twins: a register-based population study.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Sexual Debut Among Heterosexual Men of African and Caribbean Descent: Are the Youth Initiating Sex Earlier than the Older Generation?Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Article
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is associated with the longer length from clitoris to urethra.BMC women's health · 2021Article
- Oral contraceptive use is not related to gender self-concept.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2021Article
- Evidence and Implications from a Natural Experiment of Prenatal Androgen Effects on Gendered Behavior.Current directions in psychological science · 2021Article
- Gender Role, But Not Sex, Shapes Humans' Susceptibility to Emotion.Neuroscience bulletin · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many important psychological characteristics show sex differences, and are influenced by sex hormones at different developmental periods. We focus on the role of sex hormones in early development, particularly the differential effects of prenatal androgens on aspects of gender development. Increasing evidence confirms that prenatal androgens have facilitative effects on male-typed activity interests and engagement (including child toy preferences and adult careers), and spatial abilities, but relatively minimal effects on gender identity. Recent emphasis has been directed to the psychological mechanisms underlying these effects (including sex differences in propulsive movement, and androgen effects on interest in people versus things), and neural substrates of androgen effects (including regional brain volumes, and neural responses to mental rotation, sexually arousing stimuli, emotion, and reward). Ongoing and planned work is focused on understanding the ways in which hormones act jointly with the social environment across time to produce varying trajectories of gender development, and clarifying mechanisms by which androgens affect behaviors. Such work will be facilitated by applying lessons from other species, and by expanding methodology. Understanding hormonal influences on gender development enhances knowledge of psychological development generally, and has important implications for basic and applied questions, including sex differences in psychopathology, women's underrepresentation in science and math, and clinical care of individuals with variations in gender expression.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.