ArticleCurrent opinion in insect science2015
Clip-domain serine proteases as immune factors in insect hemolymph.
Article in Current opinion in insect science, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers.
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Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Chromosome-Level Genome of Simulium vittatum Links Black Fly Cytogenetics to Genome Organization and Evolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Analysis of Hemolymph in Pollen-Foraging and Non-Pollen-ForagingAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
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- Transcriptional predictors of rescue behaviour in ants.The Journal of experimental biology · 2026Article
- Apolipoprotein D neofunctionalization couples lipid allocation to wing evolution.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Partial reconstitution of the prophenoloxidase activation system inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- mbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The evolution of the immune system of bees is defined by conservation, expansions, and losses.BMC biology · 2026Article
- Delayed transcriptional response of Daphnia pulex to thermal stress.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- The green lacewing venom system and the complex mechanisms underlying its evolution.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Time-resolved transcriptomics of haemocyte discrimination between challenges by nematodes and inert material in the oriental armywormFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of Cathepsin Genes in Hemiptera: Functional Characterization of the Venomous Cathepsin B fromInsects · 2025Article
- Article
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- Morphotype-Specific Antifungal Defense inInsects · 2025Article
- The expanded immunoregulatory protease network in mosquitoes is governed by gene coexpression.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Pattern recognition, hemolymph protease-14 activation, and enhancement of lysozyme-mediated bacteria killing by soluble peptidoglycan recognition proteins in Manduca sexta.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2025Article
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
CLIP proteases are non-digestive serine proteases present in hemolymph of insects and other arthropods. They are composed of one or more amino-terminal clip domains followed by a linker sequence and a carboxyl-terminal S1A family serine protease domain. The genes for CLIP proteases have evolved as four clades (CLIPA, CLIPB, CLIPC, CLIPD), each present as multigene families in insect genomes. CLIP proteases in hemolymph function in innate immune responses. These include proteolytic activation of the cytokine Spätzle, to form an active Toll ligand leading to synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, and specific activation of prophenoloxidase, required for the melanization response. CLIP proteases act in cascade pathways. In the immune pathways that have been characterized, microbial surface molecules stimulate activation of an initiating modular serine protease, which then activates a CLIPC, which in turn activates a CLIPB. The active CLIPB then cleaves and activates an effector molecule (proSpätzle or prophenoloxidase). CLIPA proteins are pseudoproteases, lacking proteolytic activity, but some can function as regulators of the activity of other CLIP proteases and form high molecular weight immune complexes. A few three dimensional structures for CLIP proteases are now available for structure-function analysis of these immune factors, revealing structural features that may act in specific activation or in formation of immune complexes. The functions of most CLIP proteases are unknown, even in well studied insect species. It is very likely that additional proteins activated by CLIP proteases and acting in immunity remain to be discovered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.