ArticleInternational journal of cancer2016
Associations between unprocessed red and processed meat, poultry, seafood and egg intake and the risk of prostate cancer: A pooled analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vegetarian and vegan diets and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Egg and Dietary Cholesterol Intake and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Association Between Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Consumption of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Health risk factors associated with meat, fruit and vegetable consumption in cohort studies: A comprehensive meta-analysis.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- A Western Dietary Pattern Increases Prostate Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2016Pooled it
- Effects of red meat taxes and warning labels on food groups selected in a randomized controlled trial.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024Trial
- Drinking water nitrate, disinfection byproducts, and prostate cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Urology on a changing planet: links between climate change and urological disease.Nature reviews. Urology · 2025Review
- The association between dietary acid load and odds of prostate cancer: a case-control study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between Health Eating Index-2015 and prostate-specific antigen levels: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2001-2004.Food & nutrition research · 2025Article
- Altered salivary microbiota associated with high-sugar beverage consumption.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Overexpression of miR-17-5p may negatively impact p300/CBP factor-associated inflammation in a hypercholesterolemic advanced prostate cancer model.Molecular biology reports · 2023Article
- Impact of Health, Environmental, and Animal Welfare Messages Discouraging Red Meat Consumption: An Online Randomized Experiment.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2023Article
- Protein and amino acid intakes in relation to prostate cancer risk and mortality-A prospective study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Fish consumption and risk of prostate cancer or its mortality: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
- Occurrence of extended- spectrum β-lactamase harboringFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Awareness of and reactions to health and environmental harms of red meat among parents in the United States.Public health nutrition · 2022Article
- Distribution and genetic diversity of multi-drug-resistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Adolescent animal product intake in relation to later prostate cancer risk and mortality in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.British journal of cancer · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
31 authors at 15 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Reports relating meat intake to prostate cancer risk are inconsistent. Associations between these dietary factors and prostate cancer were examined in a consortium of 15 cohort studies. During follow-up, 52,683 incident prostate cancer cases, including 4,924 advanced cases, were identified among 842,149 men. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate study-specific relative risks (RR) and then pooled using random effects models. Results do not support a substantial effect of total red, unprocessed red and processed meat for all prostate cancer outcomes, except for a modest positive association for tumors identified as advanced stage at diagnosis (advanced(r)). For seafood, no substantial effect was observed for prostate cancer regardless of stage or grade. Poultry intake was inversely associated with risk of advanced and fatal cancers (pooled multivariable RR [MVRR], 95% confidence interval, comparing ≥ 45 vs. <5 g/day: advanced 0.83, 0.70-0.99; trend test p value 0.29), fatal, 0.69, 0.59-0.82, trend test p value 0.16). Participants who ate ≥ 25 versus <5 g/day of eggs (1 egg ∼ 50 g) had a significant 14% increased risk of advanced and fatal cancers (advanced 1.14, 1.01-1.28, trend test p value 0.01; fatal 1.14, 1.00-1.30, trend test p value 0.01). When associations were analyzed separately by geographical region (North America vs. other continents), positive associations between unprocessed red meat and egg intake, and inverse associations between poultry intake and advanced, advanced(r) and fatal cancers were limited to North American studies. However, differences were only statistically significant for eggs. Observed differences in associations by geographical region warrant further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.