ReviewMedicine2015
A Review of GM-CSF Therapy in Sepsis.
Review in Medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunopathological Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Critical and Non-critical Pneumonia Patients: A Systematic Review to Determine the Cause of Co-infection.Frontiers in public health · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of immunotherapy on mortality in neonates with suspected or proven sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- Sargramostim (rhu GM-CSF) as Cancer Therapy (Systematic Review) and An Immunomodulator. A Drug Before Its Time?Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- Continuous infusion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is associated with an advantage in neutrophil recovery in pediatric oncologic disorders.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Early immune anergy towards recall antigens and mitogens in patients at onset of septic shock.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Exploring the mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils against sepsis based on immune model.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Age-related differences and common pathways of lymphocyte subsets in sepsis: a comparative review of elderly and pediatric patients.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- The Efficacy of IgM-Enriched Immunoglobulin (eIg) Administration for Treatment of Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Surgical Patients: A Single-Center, Retrospective, Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Acute peritonitis-induced adipose CD127Nature communications · 2026Article
- Reversibility of Immune Dysfunction Following Pediatric Thermal Injury.Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association · 2026Article
- Host-pathogen interaction in community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on the immune response.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- GM-CSF ameliorates inflammation from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a juvenile mouse model of burn injury.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Article
- Molecular analysis of immune cell subsets and cytokine profiles in septic Vietnamese patients.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Targeting sepsis through inflammation and oxidative metabolism.World journal of critical care medicine · 2025Review
- An international observational study validating gene-expression sepsis immune subgroups.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Observational
- The effect of GM-CSF and predictors of treatment outcome in pediatric septic shock patients.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Cytokines in sepsis: a critical review of the literature on systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Distinct immune profiles and clinical outcomes in sepsis subphenotypes based on temperature trajectories.Intensive care medicine · 2024Article
- Navigating the Modern Landscape of Sepsis: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Determine what clinical role, if any, GM-CSF may have in the clinical treatment of sepsis in the adult patient. Advancements in the management of sepsis have led to significant decreases in early mortality; however, sepsis remains a significant source of long-term mortality and disability which places strain on healthcare resources with a substantial growing economic impact. Historically, early multiple organ failure (MOF) and death in patients with severe sepsis was thought to result from an exaggerated proinflammatory response called the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Numerous prospective randomized controlled trials (PRCTs) tested therapies aimed at decreasing the organ injury associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response. With few exceptions, the results from these PRCTs have been disappointing, and currently no specific therapeutic agent is approved to counteract the early SIRS response in patients with severe sepsis. It has long been recognized that there is a delayed immunosuppressive state that contributes to long-term morbidity. However, recent findings now support a concurrent proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory response present throughout sepsis. Multiple immunomodulating agents have been studied to combat the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis with the goal of decreasing secondary infection, reducing organ dysfunction, decreasing ICU stays, and improving survival. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a myelopoietic growth factor currently used in patients with neutropenia secondary to chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression, has been studied as a potential immune-activating agent. The applicability of GM-CSF as a standard therapy for generalized sepsis is still largely understudied; however, small-scale studies available have demonstrated some improved recovery from infection, decreased hospital length of stay, decreased days requiring mechanical ventilation, and decreased medical costs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.