ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2015
Progesterone treatment reduces neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and brain damage and improves long-term outcomes in a rat model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Differential sex-dependent responses of circulating steroid hormones and cortical gene expression in a traumatic brain injury model.Science advances · 2026Article
- Serum and Striatal Redox and Metabolic Responses to Progesterone Treatment in Rats with Common Carotid Ligation.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Differential sex-dependent responses of circulating steroid hormones and cortical gene expression in a preclinical traumatic brain injury model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Alleviation of Tri-Toxics · 2025Article
- Gonadal hormones and aquaporin-4: Preclinical insights into glymphatic regulation and amyloid clearance.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Review
- Tibolone Improves Motor Recovery and Regulates Neuroinflammation and Gliosis in a Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Investigating the role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury outcomes in rats.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2025Article
- Bundle-specific tractography approach for identifying white matter microstructural changes following traumatic brain injury in rats: An EpiBioS4Rx study.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Fibrinogen and Neuroinflammation in the Neurovascular Unit in Stroke.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Short- and long-term changes in neurological, behavioural, and blood biomarkers following repeated mild traumatic brain injury in rats-potential biological sex-dependent effects.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- White and gray matter integrity evaluated by MRI-DTI can serve as noninvasive and reliable indicators of structural and functional alterations in chronic neurotrauma.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Inflammatory biomarkers for neurobehavioral dysregulation in former American football players: findings from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Neuroprotection or Sex Bias: A Protective Response to Traumatic Brain Injury in the Females.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Association Between Serum Neurofilament Light and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels and Head Impact Burden in Women's Collegiate Water Polo.Journal of neurotrauma · 2023Observational
- Gain-of-function of progesterone receptor membrane component 2 ameliorates ischemic brain injury.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Article
- Effects of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury on weight gain and chronic behavioral outcomes in male rats.PloS one · 2023Article
- Nuclear factor kappa B signaling within the rat nucleus accumbens core sex-dependently regulates cue-induced cocaine seeking and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Article
- Assessment of behavioral, neuroinflammatory, and histological responses in a model of rat repetitive mild fluid percussion injury at 2 weeks post-injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Exploring Sex-Related Differences in Microglia May Be a Game-Changer in Precision Medicine.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRepeated mild traumatic brain injuries, such as concussions, may result in cumulative brain damage, neurodegeneration and other chronic neurological impairments. There are currently no clinically available treatment options known to prevent these consequences. However, growing evidence implicates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of repetitive mild brain injuries; thus, these may represent potential therapeutic targets. Progesterone has been demonstrated to have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties after brain insult; therefore, here, we examined progesterone treatment in rats given repetitive mild brain injuries via the repeated mild fluid percussion injury model.
methodsMale Long-Evans rats were assigned into four groups: sham injury + vehicle treatment, sham injury + progesterone treatment (8 mg/kg/day), repeated mild fluid percussion injuries + vehicle treatment, and repeated mild fluid percussion injuries + progesterone treatment. Rats were administered a total of three injuries, with each injury separated by 5 days. Treatment was initiated 1 h after the first injury, then administered daily for a total of 15 days. Rats underwent behavioural testing at 12-weeks post-treatment to assess cognition, motor function, anxiety and depression. Brains were then dissected for analysis of markers for neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Ex vivo MRI was conducted in order to examine structural brain damage and white matter integrity.
resultsRepeated mild fluid percussion injuries + progesterone treatment rats showed significantly reduced cognitive and sensorimotor deficits compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts at 12-weeks post-treatment. Progesterone treatment significantly attenuated markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rats given repeated mild fluid percussion injuries, with concomitant reductions in grey and white matter damage as indicated by MRI.
conclusionsThese findings implicate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiological aftermath of mild brain injuries and suggest that progesterone may be a viable treatment option to mitigate these effects and their detrimental consequences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.