ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2015
Socioeconomic disadvantage and neural development from infancy through early childhood.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association studies of infant and toddler temperament in European and multi-ancestry populations.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Prenatal Mercury Exposure and Neurodevelopment up to the Age of 5 Years: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in early childhood: a systematic review of the literature.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2021Pooled it
- Progesterone for prevention of preterm birth in women with short cervical length: 2-year infant outcomes.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2021Trial
- Child outcomes after amnioinfusion compared with no intervention in women with second-trimester rupture of membranes: a long-term follow-up study of the PROMEXIL-III trial.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2021Trial
- Socioeconomic disadvantage, gestational immune activity, and neurodevelopment in early childhood.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Trial
- Impact of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents on Behavioral Measures in Children Born Preterm.The Journal of pediatrics · 2017Trial
- Shared and disorder-specific prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: a nationwide cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Comparison of early growth and development in very preterm children in the Netherlands between the 1980s and 2000s.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Early developmental intervention and neurodevelopmental trajectories in preterm infants without severe brain injury.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental outcomes following hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): A PIDTC study.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- Associations of Prenatal Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Working Memory: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association of anthropometric parameters with intelligence quotient in early school-aged children: a cross-sectional study in Iran.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Early onset and increasing disparities in neurodevelopmental delays from birth to age 6 in children from low socioeconomic backgrounds.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2024Article
- Intergenerational transmission of health inequalities: towards a life course approach to socioeconomic inequalities in health - a review.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2024Review
- Distinct saliva DNA methylation profiles in relation to treatment outcome in youth with posttraumatic stress disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Maternal and neonatal blood vitamin D status and neurodevelopment at 24 months of age: a prospective birth cohort study.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2023Article
- Assessment of vulnerability dimensions considering Family History and environmental interplay in Autism Spectrum Disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- The Critical Roles of Early Development, Stress, and Environment in the Course of Psychosis.Annual review of developmental psychology · 2022Article
- Parents' Adherence to Childhood Screening Tests and Referrals: A Retrospective Cohort Study with Randomized Sampling.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEarly social experiences are believed to shape neurodevelopment, with potentially lifelong consequences. Yet minimal evidence exists regarding the role of the social environment on children's neural functioning, a core domain of neurodevelopment.
methodsWe analysed data from 36 443 participants in the United States Collaborative Perinatal Project, a socioeconomically diverse pregnancy cohort conducted between 1959 and 1974. Study outcomes included: physician (neurologist or paediatrician)-rated neurological abnormality neonatally and thereafter at 4 months and 1 and 7 years; indicators of neurological hard signs and soft signs; and indicators of autonomic nervous system function.
resultsChildren born to socioeconomically disadvantaged parents were more likely to exhibit neurological abnormalities at 4 months [odds ratio (OR) = 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06, 1.37], 1 year (OR = 1.35; CI = 1.17, 1.56), and 7 years (OR = 1.67; CI = 1.48, 1.89), and more likely to exhibit neurological hard signs (OR = 1.39; CI = 1.10, 1.76), soft signs (OR = 1.26; CI = 1.09, 1.45) and autonomic nervous system dysfunctions at 7 years. Pregnancy and delivery complications, themselves associated with socioeconomic disadvantage, did not account for the higher risks of neurological abnormalities among disadvantaged children.
conclusionsParental socioeconomic disadvantage was, independently from pregnancy and delivery complications, associated with abnormal child neural development during the first 7 years of life. These findings reinforce the importance of the early environment for neurodevelopment generally, and expand knowledge regarding the domains of neurodevelopment affected by environmental conditions. Further work is needed to determine the mechanisms linking socioeconomic disadvantage with children's neural functioning, the timing of such mechanisms and their potential reversibility.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.