ArticleBMC family practice2015
Determinants of mastitis in women in the CASTLE study: a cohort study.
Article in BMC family practice, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence of and Risk Factors for Lactational Mastitis: A Systematic Review.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2020Pooled it
- Breast microecology improvement using probiotics following needle aspiration in patients with lactational breast abscess: a multi-center randomized double-blind controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Non-pharmacological interventions for lactational mastitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Potential Donors' Awareness and Perceived Feasibility of Donating Human Milk in Australia.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Constructing a predictive model for acute mastitis in lactating women based on machine learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Role of Targeted Microbiota Therapy in the Prevention and Management of Puerperal Mastitis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Feeding Infants: Choice-Specific Considerations, Parental Obligation, and Pragmatic Satisficing.Ethical theory and moral practice : an international forum · 2024Article
- Predictive Risk Factors for Childbirth-Associated Breast Infections in the United States: A 10-Year Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Impact of the National Action Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance on Antibiotic Use for Mastitis Using a Japanese Nationwide Database.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Is AMR in Dairy Products a Threat to Human Health? An Updated Review on the Origin, Prevention, Treatment, and Economic Impacts of Subclinical Mastitis.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Review
- Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis reveals no clear link between Staphylococcus epidermidis and acute mastitis.The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology · 2022Article
- Prevalence of and factors associated with lactational mastitis in eastern and southern Africa: an exploratory analysis of community-based household surveys.International breastfeeding journal · 2022Article
- Variation in Human Milk Composition Is Related to Differences in Milk and Infant Fecal Microbial Communities.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Relationship between Acute Mastitis and Constitution of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Chinese Breastfeeding Mothers.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2021Article
- Maternal diet alters human milk oligosaccharide composition with implications for the milk metagenome.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Exploring physiotherapists' clinical definition and diagnosis of inflammatory conditions of the lactating breast in Australia: a mixed methods study.International breastfeeding journal · 2020Article
- Benign Breast Disease in Women.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2019Review
- Lactation Outcomes in More Than 3500 Women Following Primary Augmentation: 5-Year Data From the Breast Implant Follow-Up Study.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2019Observational
- The microbiology and treatment of human mastitis.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMastitis is an acute, debilitating condition that occurs in approximately 20 % of breastfeeding women who experience a red, painful breast with fever. This paper describes the factors correlated with mastitis and investigates the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in women who participated in the CASTLE (Candida and Staphylococcus Transmission: Longitudinal Evaluation) study. The CASTLE study was a prospective cohort study which recruited nulliparous women in late pregnancy in two maternity hospitals in Melbourne, Australia in 2009-2011.
methodsWomen completed questionnaires at recruitment and six time-points in the first eight weeks postpartum. Postpartum questionnaires asked about incidences of mastitis, nipple damage, milk supply, expressing practices and breastfeeding problems. Nasal and nipple swabs were collected from mothers and babies, as well as breast milk samples. All samples were cultured for S. aureus. "Time at risk" of mastitis was defined as days between birth and first occurrence of mastitis (for women who developed mastitis) and days between birth and the last study time-point (for women who did not develop mastitis). Risk factors for incidence of mastitis occurring during the time at risk (Incident Rate Ratios [IRR]) were investigated using a discrete version of the multivariable proportional hazards regression model.
resultsTwenty percent (70/346) of participants developed mastitis. Women had an increased risk of developing mastitis if they reported nipple damage (IRR 2.17, 95 % CI 1.21, 3.91), over-supply of breast milk (IRR 2.60, 95 % CI 1.58, 4.29), nipple shield use (IRR 2.93, 95 % CI 1.72, 5.01) or expressing several times a day (IRR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.01, 2.68). The presence of S. aureus on the nipple (IRR 1.72, 95 % CI 1.04, 2.85) or in milk (IRR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.08, 2.92) also increased the risk of developing mastitis.
conclusionsNipple damage, over-supply of breast milk, use of nipple shields and the presence of S. aureus on the nipple or in breast milk increased the mastitis risk in our prospective cohort study sample. Reducing nipple damage may help reduce maternal breast infections.
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