Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26672747›Full record

ArticlePloS one2015

Genetics, Morphology, Advertisement Calls, and Historical Records Distinguish Six New Polyploid Species of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus, Pipidae) from West and Central Africa.

Ben J Evans, Timothy F Carter, Eli Greenbaum, Václav Gvoždík, Darcy B Kelley, Patrick J McLaughlin, Olivier S G Pauwels, Daniel M Portik, Edward L Stanley, Richard C Tinsley and 2 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
8.3field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Review
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  7. First Complete Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of Tree Frog,International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 11 institutions in 5 countries.

Ben J EvansDepartment of Biology, Life Sciences Building Room 328 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Timothy F CarterBiomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Eli GreenbaumDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America.
Václav GvoždíkInstitute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, Brno, Czech Republic.
Darcy B KelleyDepartment of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.
Patrick J McLaughlinDepartment of Biology, Papadakis Integrated Sciences Building, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
Olivier S G PauwelsDépartement des Vertébrés Récents, Instítut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium.
Daniel M PortikMuseum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Edward L StanleyCalifornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Richard C TinsleySchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Martha L TobiasDepartment of Zoology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.
David C BlackburnCalifornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
California Academy of Sciences · USColumbia University · USCzech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology · CZDrexel University · USInstitute of Natural Sciences · BEMcMaster University · CANational Museum · CZThe University of Texas at El Paso · USUniversity of Bristol · GBUniversity of California, Berkeley · USUniversity of Guelph · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

African clawed frogs, genus Xenopus, are extraordinary among vertebrates in the diversity of their polyploid species and the high number of independent polyploidization events that occurred during their diversification. Here we update current understanding of the evolutionary history of this group and describe six new species from west and central sub-Saharan Africa, including four tetraploids and two dodecaploids. We provide information on molecular variation, morphology, karyotypes, vocalizations, and estimated geographic ranges, which support the distinctiveness of these new species. We resurrect Xenopus calcaratus from synonymy of Xenopus tropicalis and refer populations from Bioko Island and coastal Cameroon (near Mt. Cameroon) to this species. To facilitate comparisons to the new species, we also provide comments on the type specimens, morphology, and distributions of X. epitropicalis, X. tropicalis, and X. fraseri. This includes significantly restricted application of the names X. fraseri and X. epitropicalis, the first of which we argue is known definitively only from type specimens and possibly one other specimen. Inferring the evolutionary histories of these new species allows refinement of species groups within Xenopus and leads to our recognition of two subgenera (Xenopus and Silurana) and three species groups within the subgenus Xenopus (amieti, laevis, and muelleri species groups).

Indexed as

PolyploidyAfrica, CentralAfrica, WesternAnimalsBiological EvolutionDNA Barcoding, TaxonomicDNA, MitochondrialHaplotypesHybridization, GeneticKaryotypePhenotypePhylogenyPhylogeographyXenopusDNA, Mitochondrial

Identifiers

PMID26672747
PMCPMC4682732
OpenAlexW2218278769

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.