SynthesisPsychological science2016
Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence.
Synthesis in Psychological science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The stability of cognitive abilities: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies.Psychological bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of epigenome-wide associations between DNA methylation at birth and childhood cognitive skills.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Cross-Study Differences in the Etiology of Reading Comprehension: a Meta-Analytical Review of Twin Studies.Behavior genetics · 2017Pooled it
- Student-teacher relationships as a mediator of children's education-linked genetics: results from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- The Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) Consortium After Fifteen Years.Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies · 2026Article
- Moderating effects of educational inequality on education polygenic scores, attained education and dementia-risk relationships.SSM - population health · 2026Article
- Co-twin Control Analyses Reveal Genetic Contributions to SES Influences in Mean Level and Longitudinal Change in Physical Aging.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Evocative effects of children's education-associated genetics on maternal parenting: results from the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Genetic associations with education have increased and are patterned by socioeconomic context: Evidence from 3 studies born 1946-1970.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Genetic and environmental influence on white matter: insight from an Italian twin population study.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Family SES amplifies genetic influences on organized activity involvement from childhood to young adulthood: evidence from the German twin family panel.Frontiers in sociology · 2026Article
- The Power to Resolve Cultural Transmission and Sibling Interaction Using Polygenic Scores.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- The relationship between physical activity, working memory, and mathematics achievement on the basis of socioeconomic status: the mediating role of physical fitness level.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic context influences the heritability of child cortical structure.Communications biology · 2025Article
- The genetic lottery goes to school: Better schools compensate for the effects of students' genetic differences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic context influences the heritability of child cortical structure.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Dyslexia Polygenic Index and Socio-Economic Status Interaction Effects on Reading Skills in Australia and the United Kingdom.Behavior genetics · 2025Article
- Polygenic Associations With Educational Attainment in East Versus West Germany: Differences Emerge After Reunification.Psychological science · 2025Article
- Pre- and in-service teachers attribution beliefs for students' success and struggle in mathematics: first insights.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Longitudinal Relationships Among Parenting Stress, Preschoolers' Problem Behavior, and Risk of Learning Disorder.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A core hypothesis in developmental theory predicts that genetic influences on intelligence and academic achievement are suppressed under conditions of socioeconomic privation and more fully realized under conditions of socioeconomic advantage: a Gene × Childhood Socioeconomic Status (SES) interaction. Tests of this hypothesis have produced apparently inconsistent results. We performed a meta-analysis of tests of Gene × SES interaction on intelligence and academic-achievement test scores, allowing for stratification by nation (United States vs. non-United States), and we conducted rigorous tests for publication bias and between-studies heterogeneity. In U.S. studies, we found clear support for moderately sized Gene × SES effects. In studies from Western Europe and Australia, where social policies ensure more uniform access to high-quality education and health care, Gene × SES effects were zero or reversed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.