ArticleConflict and health2015
Psychological distress and its associations with past events in pregnant women affected by armed conflict in Swat, Pakistan: a cross sectional study.
Article in Conflict and health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03540927 (Impact of a Multicomponent Group Intervention on Psychosocial Well-being of Rehabilitated Entrepreneurs in a Conflict-affected Area of Pakistan), which is not on this map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Impact of a Multicomponent Group Intervention on Psychosocial Well-being of Rehabilitated Entrepreneurs in a Conflict-affected Area of Pakistan: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of disasters on maternal mental health: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of the psychometric properties of the cross-cultural translations and adaptations of the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS).Health and quality of life outcomes · 2018Pooled it
- Evaluating feasibility and acceptability of a group WHO trans-diagnostic intervention for women with common mental disorders in rural Pakistan: a cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Perinatal mental health and reproductive behavior among women in wartime Ukraine: a cohort study protocol.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Magnitude of psychological distress and associated factors among war survivor women in Northern, Ethiopia, 2022: a community-based cross-sectional survey.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the multidimensional social support scale (MSPSS) in a community sample of adults.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Maternal psychological distress and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals, Ethiopia.PloS one · 2023Article
- Effect of adding a psychological intervention to routine care of common mental disorders in a specialized mental healthcare facility in Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial.International journal of mental health systems · 2021Article
- Using technology to scale-up training and supervision of community health workers in the psychosocial management of perinatal depression: a non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe public health significance of maternal mental health is well established. Armed conflicts expose populations to events that could have long-term negative consequences for mental health of pregnant women and their children. This study explores the prevalence and associated risk factors for psychological distress of women during pregnancy, including exposure to past conflict-related potentially traumatic events, in a population exposed to armed conflict in the Swat region of Pakistan.
methodsA community-based cross-sectional survey of 349 pregnant women in two union councils in Swat was conducted. Psychological distress was measured using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Conflict-related potentially traumatic events (PTEs) were measured through an adapted version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Information was also collected on major life events (Life Events Checklist), social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and demographic and socio-economic variables.
resultsPrevalence of current psychological distress was 38.1 % (95 % CI: 33.1, 43.3). Psychological distress was significantly associated with three or more potentially traumatic events (PTEs) experienced during the conflict (OR = 2.62, 95 % CI: 1.22, 5.61); three or more major life events in the year following the conflict (OR = 3.25, 95 % CI: 1.82, 5.82) and inversely associated with family support (OR = 0.91, 95 % CI: 0.88, 0.95).
conclusionThis is one of the first community based cross sectional surveys in Swat valley, Pakistan to assess the prevalence of psychological distress during pregnancy in an area affected by conflict. Over a third of women show evidence of significant psychological distress. Exposure to potentially traumatic events remained independently associated with psychological distress 1 year after conflict ended, suggesting that conflict exposure may have long-term impacts upon maternal mental health. Combining this with findings relating to the cumulative impact of major life-events, and the protective factor of family support highlights the importance of developing culturally appropriate psychological interventions accessible to pregnant women rebuilding their lives following conflict.
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