ReviewJournal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH2016
Structural and functional insights into enzymes of the vitamin K cycle.
Review in Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- GGCX-Associated Phenotypes: An Overview in Search of Genotype-Phenotype Correlations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Pooled it
- Warfarin-Induced Developmental Toxicity: Insights into Embryogenesis, Teratogenicity, and Molecular Pathways.Journal of developmental biology · 2026Review
- Oxidative protein folding and CaCellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- Gut microbiome signatures discriminate deep vein thrombosis through machine learning and metabolic analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Structural disruption of VKORC1 by resistance mutations reveals a conserved hydrophobic pattern essential for warfarin binding: insights from molecular dynamics analyses.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Small-molecule inhibition of γ-glutamyl carboxylase reveals a novel anticoagulant strategy.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Vitamin K as an Endocrine Modulator: Mechanistic Links to Glucose Metabolism and Beyond.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Structural and functional insights into γ-glutamyl carboxylase-factor IX interaction: implications for vitamin K-dependent bleeding disorders.Haematologica · 2026Article
- Vitamins as modulators of neonatal intestinal injury.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Integrative phytochemical profiling andFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Post-translational control of MAVS signaling: linking mitochondrial antiviral immunity to metabolic and cellular stress contexts.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- LP533401 treatment alters vitamin K metabolism, bone Gla-OC/Glu-OC ratios, and improves mineral status of the skeleton in rats with chronic kidney disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Selective targeting of coagulation factor X Gla domain by negatively charged gold nanoparticles: a novel method for controlled antithrombotic therapy.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Predictor Role ofMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Bio-Functional Nanomaterials for Enhanced Lung Cancer Therapy: The Synergistic Roles of Vitamins D and K.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Transporters in vitamin uptake and cellular metabolism: impacts on health and disease.Life metabolism · 2025Review
- Comparative analysis of vitamin K levels in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Review
- Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein 1 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression through stabilizing oncoprotein KRAS and tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Article
- Enzymatic Regulation of the Gut Microbiota: Mechanisms and Implications for Host Health.Biomolecules · 2024Review
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vitamin K-dependent proteins require carboxylation of certain glutamates for their biological functions. The enzymes involved in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation include: gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) and an as-yet-unidentified vitamin K reductase (VKR). Due to the hydrophobicity of vitamin K, these enzymes are likely to be integral membrane proteins that reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, structure-function studies on these enzymes have been challenging, and some of the results are notably controversial. Patients with naturally occurring mutations in these enzymes, who mainly exhibit bleeding disorders or are resistant to oral anticoagulant treatment, provide valuable information for the functional study of the vitamin K cycle enzymes. In this review, we discuss: (i) the discovery of the enzymatic activities and gene identifications of the vitamin K cycle enzymes; (ii) the identification of their functionally important regions and their active site residues; (iii) the membrane topology studies of GGCX and VKOR; and (iv) the controversial issues regarding the structure and function studies of these enzymes, particularly, the membrane topology, the role of the conserved cysteines and the mechanism of active site regeneration of VKOR. We also discuss the possibility that a paralogous protein of VKOR, VKOR-like 1 (VKORL1), is involved in the vitamin K cycle, and the importance of and possible approaches for identifying the unknown VKR. Overall, we describe the accomplishments and the remaining questions in regard to the structure and function studies of the enzymes in the vitamin K cycle.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.