Observational studyArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2016
Risk of Incident Diabetes Mellitus Associated With the Dosage and Duration of Oral Glucocorticoid Therapy in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Observational study in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of immunosuppressive protocols used in AAV gene therapy for monogenic disorders.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Metabolic adverse events associated with systemic corticosteroid therapy-a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycemia Including Dexamethasone-Associated Hyperglycemia in COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of a voclosporin-based triple immunosuppressive therapy to high-dose glucocorticoid-based immunosuppressive therapy: a propensity analysis of the AURA-LV and AURORA 1 studies and ALMS.Lupus science & medicine · 2024Trial
- Interleukin-6 receptor blockade or TNFα inhibition for reducing glycaemia in patients with RA and diabetes: post hoc analyses of three randomised, controlled trials.Arthritis research & therapy · 2020Trial
- A phase I/II randomized, controlled, clinical trial for assessment of the efficacy and safety of β-D-mannuronic acid in rheumatoid arthritis patients.Inflammopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Targeting of circulating Th17 cells by β-D-mannuronic acid (M2000) as a novel medication in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Inflammopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Preclinical investigation of hydroxychloroquine loaded ethosomal gel for topical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Article
- Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus: mechanisms, risk factors, and clinical pathways with insights from autoimmune rheumatic diseases.Rheumatology international · 2026Review
- Pathogenic Drivers of Difficult-to-Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis: Synovium and Beyond.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Metabolic and Anthropometric Alterations in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Focus on Cardiometabolic Risk and Non-Invasive Evaluation Methods.Metabolites · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds-based Novel Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.Pharmaceutical nanotechnology · 2026Review
- 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- Article
- Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Autoimmune Hepatitis: Frequency, Risk Factors and Effect on Outcome.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Nano-based Therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recent Patents and Development.Recent patents on nanotechnology · 2025Review
- A possible approach to overcome the systemic toxicity of azathioprine (AZA) through nanoemulgel.EXCLI journal · 2025Article
- A Review of Connecting Bioinformatic Techniques to Rheumatoid Arthritis and its Associated Comorbidities.Current rheumatology reviews · 2025Review
- Is It Time for a New Algorithm for the Pharmacotherapy of Steroid-Induced Diabetes?Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo quantify the risk of incident diabetes mellitus (DM) associated with the dosage, duration, and timing of glucocorticoid (GC) use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
methodsWe undertook a cohort study using 2 databases: a UK primary care database (the Clinical Practice Research Datalink [CPRD]) including 21,962 RA patients (1992-2009) and the US National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases (NDB) including 12,657 RA patients (1998-2013). Information on the dosage and timing of GC use was extracted. DM in the CPRD was defined using Read codes, at least 2 prescriptions for oral antidiabetic medication, or abnormal blood test results. DM in the NDB was defined through patient self-reports. Data were analyzed using time-dependent Cox models and a novel weighted cumulative dose (WCD) model that accounts for dosage, duration, and timing of treatment.
resultsThe hazard ratio (HR) was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.17-1.45) and 1.61 (95% CI 1.37-1.89) in current GC users compared to nonusers in the CPRD and the NDB, respectively. A range of conventional statistical models consistently confirmed increases in risk with the GC dosage and duration. The WCD model showed that recent GC use contributed the most to the current risk of DM, while doses taken >6 months previously did not influence current risk. In the CPRD, 5 mg of prednisolone equivalent dose for the last 1, 3, and 6 months was significantly associated with HRs of 1.20, 1.43, and 1.48, respectively, compared to nonusers.
conclusionGC use is a clinically important and quantifiable risk factor for DM. Risk is influenced by the dosage and treatment duration, although only for GC use within the last 6 months.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.