ArticleJournal of anatomy2016
The definitions of three-dimensional landmarks on the human face: an interdisciplinary view.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Facial Landmarks Determination with Different Digital Scanners: An In Vivo Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Innovative Approaches in Microtia Treatment: Advancements in Tissue Engineering and Scaffold Design.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- Precision Assessment of Facial Asymmetry Using 3D Imaging and Artificial Intelligence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Mapping genes for human face shape: Exploration of univariate phenotyping strategies.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Sonoanatomy of injecting botulinum neurotoxin into the facial muscles.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2024Review
- Analysis of Anatomy and Age-related Changes in Infraorbital Cheek Using Computed Tomography.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Article
- A Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence and Manual Methods for Three-Dimensional Anatomical Landmark Identification in Dentofacial Treatment Planning.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Novel Anatomical Guidelines on Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection for Wrinkles in the Nose Region.Toxins · 2022Review
- [Deep learning-assisted construction of three-demensional facial midsagittal plane].Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences · 2022Article
- Refining the resolution of craniofacial dysmorphology in bipolar disorder as an index of brain dysmorphogenesis.Psychiatry research · 2020Article
- A Hierarchical Curve-Based Approach to the Analysis of Manifold Data.The annals of applied statistics · 2019Article
- Quantification of Facial Traits.Frontiers in genetics · 2019Review
- A Practical Guide to Sliding and Surface Semilandmarks in Morphometric Analyses.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2019Article
- 3D quantitative analysis of early decomposition changes of the human face.International journal of legal medicine · 2018Article
- Translational Genetic Modelling of 3D Craniofacial Dysmorphology: Elaborating the Facial Phenotype of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Through the "Prism" of Schizophrenia.Current behavioral neuroscience reports · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The analysis of shape is a key part of anatomical research and in the large majority of cases landmarks provide a standard starting point. However, while the technology of image capture has developed rapidly and in particular three-dimensional imaging is widely available, the definitions of anatomical landmarks remain rooted in their two-dimensional origins. In the important case of the human face, standard definitions often require careful orientation of the subject. This paper considers the definitions of facial landmarks from an interdisciplinary perspective, including biological and clinical motivations, issues associated with imaging and subsequent analysis, and the mathematical definition of surface shape using differential geometry. This last perspective provides a route to definitions of landmarks based on surface curvature, often making use of ridge and valley curves, which is genuinely three-dimensional and is independent of orientation. Specific definitions based on curvature are proposed. These are evaluated, along with traditional definitions, in a study that uses a hierarchical (random effects) model to estimate the error variation that is present at several different levels within the image capture process. The estimates of variation at these different levels are of interest in their own right but, in addition, evidence is provided that variation is reduced at the observer level when the new landmark definitions are used.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.