ArticlePLoS pathogens2015
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Uses CX3CR1 as a Receptor on Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cultures.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 187 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
187 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 278 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Article
- Deadbolt Drug Discovery: Locking the Door to Class 1 Viral Entry by Small Molecules.ACS infectious diseases · 2026Review
- A comprehensive look at Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): from pathogenesis to prevention.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2026Review
- Live-attenuated vaccines of human respiratory syncytial virus for infants and young children: Progress and prospects of an old yet promising platform.Biosafety and health · 2026Review
- Dual inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and nucleolin reduces RSV infection efficiency in human respiratory organoids.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): A Comprehensive Overview From Basic Biology to Clinical Prevention and Control.Medicinal research reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- Development and Immunogenicity Evaluation of an RSV Recombinant Vaccine Displaying a Conserved Domain of RSV G.Vaccines · 2026Article
- New insight into the epidemiological trends of respiratory syncytial virus infection and the underlying anti-respiratory syncytial virus mechanisms of andrographolide: integrating Global Burden of Disease database, network pharmacological analysis, andMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- RSV vaccine development: advances and fusion protein-focused strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Unraveling the dual immunomodulatory and immunogenic roles of the central conserved cysteine-rich region in respiratory syncytial virus G protein.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Inhibits Production of Cytokines and Chemokines by Differentiated Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Cultured at Air-Liquid Interface.Journal of innate immunity · 2026Article
- Host cell entry receptors as pharmacological targets in respiratory viral infections: from biology to clinical translation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Rational design 2.0: transitioning from static structural biology to computational prioritization and iterative vaccine optimization for RSV.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Next-generation single-cycle respiratory syncytial virus vaccines with increased type I interferon induction yield robust systemic and mucosal responses in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Interaction Between Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharide and the Receptor-Binding Domain of the Wild-Type and Omicron Variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Gastrointestinal Infiltration in Influenza Virus Infection: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights.Viruses · 2025Review
127 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory disease in infants, but no vaccine or effective therapy is available. The initiation of RSV infection of immortalized cells is largely dependent on cell surface heparan sulfate (HS), a receptor for the RSV attachment (G) glycoprotein in immortalized cells. However, RSV infects the ciliated cells in primary well differentiated human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures via the apical surface, but HS is not detectable on this surface. Here we show that soluble HS inhibits infection of immortalized cells, but not HAE cultures, confirming that HS is not the receptor on HAE cultures. Conversely, a "non-neutralizing" monoclonal antibody against the G protein that does not block RSV infection of immortalized cells, does inhibit infection of HAE cultures. This antibody was previously shown to block the interaction between the G protein and the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and we have mapped the binding site for this antibody to the CX3C motif and its surrounding region in the G protein. We show that CX3CR1 is present on the apical surface of ciliated cells in HAE cultures and especially on the cilia. RSV infection of HAE cultures is reduced by an antibody against CX3CR1 and by mutations in the G protein CX3C motif. Additionally, mice lacking CX3CR1 are less susceptible to RSV infection. These findings demonstrate that RSV uses CX3CR1 as a cellular receptor on HAE cultures and highlight the importance of using a physiologically relevant model to study virus entry and antibody neutralization.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.