ArticleThe Pediatric infectious disease journal2016
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness for Fully and Partially Vaccinated Children 6 Months to 8 Years Old During 2011-2012 and 2012-2013: The Importance of Two Priming Doses.
Article in The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of 2 Doses vs 1 Dose in the First Season Children Are Vaccinated Against Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- Does repeated influenza vaccination attenuate effectiveness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Pooled it
- The impact of repeated vaccination on influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2019Pooled it
- The impact of repeated vaccination on influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine in children and adolescents 6 months through 17 years of age in India.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Trial
- Estimates of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children in Senegal: Results From 2 Consecutive Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trials in 2010 and 2011.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Beyond the Pandemic Era: Recent Advances and Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Against Emerging Variants of Concern.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Article
- Patterns of Influenza Vaccination and Vaccine Effectiveness Among Young US Children Who Receive Outpatient Care for Acute Respiratory Tract Illness.JAMA pediatrics · 2020Article
- Variations in Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness due to Study Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Test-Negative Design Studies.Open forum infectious diseases · 2020Review
- Dose effect of influenza vaccine on protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza illness among children aged 6 months to 8 years of age in southern China, 2013/14-2015/16 seasons: a matched case-control study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalizations in children and older adults-Data from South America, 2013-2017. A test negative design.Vaccine: X · 2019Article
- Effectiveness of Partial and Full Influenza Vaccination Among Children Aged <9 Years in Hong Kong, 2011-2019.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Influenza Vaccination: Effectiveness, Indications, and Limits in the Pediatric Population.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2019Review
- Association of Prior Vaccination With Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Children Receiving Live Attenuated or Inactivated Vaccine.JAMA network open · 2018Article
- Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations - Latin America, 2013.Vaccine · 2018Article
- Influenza immunization policies: Which could be the main reasons for differences among countries?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFew studies have examined the effectiveness of full versus partial vaccination with inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines (IIV3) as defined by the US CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.
methodsRespiratory swabs were collected from outpatients aged 6 months to 8 years with acute cough for ≤7 days in clinics in 5 states during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 influenza seasons. Influenza was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. Receipt of current season IIV3 and up to 4 prior vaccinations was documented from medical records and immunization registries. Using a test-negative design, vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, medical conditions, study site and month of enrollment.
resultsWe did not observe higher VE for children fully versus partially vaccinated with IIV3, as defined by US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice, although our sample of partially vaccinated children was relatively small. However, among children aged 2-8 years in both seasons and against A(H3N2) and B influenza illness separately, VE point estimates were consistently higher for children who had received 2 doses in the same prior season compared with those without (VE range of 58%-80% vs. 33%-44%, respectively). Across seasons, the odds of A(H3N2) illness despite IIV3 vaccination were 2.4-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.4-4.3) higher among children who had not received 2 doses in the same prior season. We also noted residual protection among unvaccinated children who were vaccinated the previous season (VE range = 36%-40% across outcomes).
conclusionVaccination with IIV3 may provide preventive benefit in subsequent seasons, including possible residual protection if vaccination is missed. Two vaccine doses in the same season may be more effective than alternative priming strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.