ArticleGenes and immunity
Characterization of KIR intermediate promoters reveals four promoter types associated with distinct expression patterns of KIR subtypes.
Article in Genes and immunity. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of elements determiningiScience · 2026Article
- Two-way tuning of the decidual natural killer cells and recurrent pregnancy loss.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The KIR2DL1 intermediate upstream element participates in gene activation.Immunogenetics · 2023Article
- Polymorphic KIR3DL3 expression modulates tissue-resident and innate-like T cells.Science immunology · 2023Article
- TheFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Genetic variation that determinesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Host KIR/HLA-C Genotypes Determine HIV-Mediated Changes of the NK Cell Repertoire and Are Associated With Vpu Sequence Variations Impacting Downmodulation of HLA-C.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- High-throughput Interpretation of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Short-read Sequencing Data with PING.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Relevance of Polymorphic KIR and HLA Class I Genes in NK-Cell-Based Immunotherapies for Adult Leukemic Patients.Cancers · 2021Review
- KIR2DL4 genetic diversity in a Brazilian population sample: implications for transcription regulation and protein diversity in samples with different ancestry backgrounds.Immunogenetics · 2021Article
- Association of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors with endemic Burkitt lymphoma in Kenyan children.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The Genetic Mechanisms Driving Diversification of theFrontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphism inFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Conservation, Extensive Heterozygosity, and Convergence of Signaling Potential All Indicate a Critical Role for KIR3DL3 in Higher Primates.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Genotype B of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor is Related with Gastric Cancer Lesions.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Different Selected Mechanisms Attenuated the Inhibitory Interaction of KIR2DL1 with C2Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2018Article
- HLA-C Level Is Regulated by a Polymorphic Oct1 Binding Site in the HLA-C Promoter Region.American journal of human genetics · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes contain multiple promoters that control the process of gene activation and variegated expression of KIR on natural killer (NK) and T cells. Specific subfamilies of KIR genes have differences in the timing and tissue specificity of expression: however, previous studies of the proximal KIR promoters have not shown significant differences in activity between differentially expressed KIR gene subsets. The recent identification of an intermediate KIR promoter (ProI) associated with KIR2DL1 expression suggested a central role for this element in KIR expression. The current study identifies ProI elements in all of the KIR genes, revealing four classes of ProI that correspond with four distinct expression phenotypes of KIR subgroups: KIR2DL2/S2/L3 that are expressed early in reconstituting NK after transplant; KIR2DL4 that is expressed by CD56-bright NK in a non-variegated manner; KIR3DL3 that is not expressed by circulating NK cells; and the remaining KIR that are expressed by subsets of CD56-dim NK. The four classes of ProI are structurally diverse and display distinct functional properties. Altogether, these results indicate that KIR ProI elements contribute to the tissue/cell-type specificity of KIR transcription and cooperate with the probabilistic proximal promoter to control KIR expression.
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