ArticleJournal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP2016
Infant Breastfeeding Duration and Mid-Childhood Executive Function, Behavior, and Social-Emotional Development.
Article in Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Human milk microbiome as a modulator of the early-life gut-brain axis: mechanisms and translational opportunities for neurodevelopment.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- WHO exclusive breastfeeding recommendation and cognitive development in Germany.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association between breastfeeding and lower risk of behavioral problems in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- The effects of breastfeeding duration on children's behavior problems at around 3 years of age.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Prenatal Nutritional Factors and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Narrative Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The Effects of Breastfeeding on Childhood Behavioral and Emotional Development: A Prospective Cohort Study in China.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Importance of human milk for infants in the clinical setting: Updates and mechanistic links.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2023Review
- Association between preterm infant size at 1 year and ADHD later in life: data from 1993 and 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohorts.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Summary of the Joint National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration Workshop Titled "Exploring the Science Surrounding the Safe Use of Bioactive Ingredients in Infant Formula: Considerations for an Assessment Framework".The Journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Infant feeding method and special educational need in 191,745 Scottish schoolchildren: A national, population cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2023Article
- Using the theory of planned behavior model to predict factors influencing breastfeeding behavior among preterm mothers at week 6 postpartum: the mediating effect of breastfeeding intention.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Unraveling the effects of maternal breastfeeding duration and exclusive breast milk on children's cognitive abilities in early childhood.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Associations of Maternal Milk Feeding With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 7 Years of Age in Former Preterm Infants.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Eating Behaviour-Consumption Frequency of Certain Foods in Early Childhood as a Predictor of Behaviour Problems: 6-year follow-up study.Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · 2022Article
- Do Breastfeeding History and Diet Quality Predict Inhibitory Control at Preschool Age?Nutrients · 2021Article
- Breastfeeding, prenatal depression and children's IQ and behaviour: a test of a moderation model.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Article
- Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated With Domain-Specific Improvements in Cognitive Performance in 9-10-Year-Old Children.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Factors affecting breast-feeding practice among a sample of Iranian women: a structural equation modeling approach.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2019Article
- Breastfeeding and behavioural problems: Propensity score matching with a national cohort of infants in Chile.BMJ open · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe authors aim was to examine associations of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in infancy with executive function, behavior, and social-emotional development in mid-childhood.
methodsThe authors studied 1037 participants in Project Viva, a prebirth cohort that enrolled pregnant mothers from 1999 to 2002 and followed children for 7 to 10 years. Main exposures were: (1) duration of any breastfeeding in the first 12 months and (2) duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months. Main outcomes were child executive function, behavior, and social-emotional development, assessed by (1) the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and (2) the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), completed independently by parents and teachers. Higher scores indicate greater problems.
resultsIn linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographics, maternal intelligence, home environment, early child care, and maternal depression, longer breastfeeding duration was not associated with substantially better executive function, behavior, or social-emotional development. For example, for each additional month of any breastfeeding, the BRIEF Global Executive Composite score (parent) was 0.10 points higher (95% confidence interval, -0.01 to 0.22) and the SDQ total difficulties score was 0.06 points higher (-0.01, 0.12). Breastfeeding duration was also not associated with BRIEF or SDQ subscales, nor was exclusive breastfeeding duration associated with any of the outcomes analyzed.
conclusionDespite beneficial effects on general intelligence, longer duration of any breastfeeding or of exclusive breastfeeding was not associated with better executive function, behavior, or social-emotional development in mid-childhood.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.