ArticleMolecular ecology resources2016
Measuring the immune system of the three-spined stickleback - investigating natural variation by quantifying immune expression in the laboratory and the wild.
Article in Molecular ecology resources, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macroimmunology: The drivers and consequences of spatial patterns in wildlife immune defence.The Journal of animal ecology · 2020Pooled it
- Genomic Signatures of Selection Are Enriched in Differentially Expressed Genes in Sticklebacks Adapting to Contrasting Environments.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Changes in gene regulation are associated with the evolution of resistance to a novel parasite.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles: an emerging tool for wild immunology.Discovery immunology · 2024Review
- Comparative Research on Intestinal Functions of Wild and CulturedAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Cross-continental experimental infections reveal distinct defence mechanisms in populations of the three-spined sticklebackProceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Article
- Relationships between immune gene expression and circulating cytokine levels in wild house mice.Ecology and evolution · 2020Article
- Differential immune gene expression associated with contemporary range expansion in two invasive rodents in Senegal.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Early life disruption of the microbiota affects organ development and cytokine gene expression in threespine stickleback.Integrative and comparative biology · 2020Article
- Prior exposure to long-day photoperiods alters immune responses and increases susceptibility to parasitic infection in stickleback.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2020Article
- Ecological Factors Mediate Immunity and Parasitic Co-Infection in Sea Fan Octocorals.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- LPS Modulates the Expression of Iron-Related Immune Genes in Two Antarctic Notothenoids.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
- Immune state is associated with natural dietary variation in wild miceFunctional ecology · 2019Article
- The right response at the right time: Exploring helminth immune modulation in sticklebacks by experimental coinfection.Molecular ecology · 2019Article
- Specificity of resistance and geographic patterns of virulence in a vertebrate host-parasite system.BMC evolutionary biology · 2019Article
- A genetics-based approach confirms immune associations with life history across multiple populations of an aquatic vertebrate (Gasterosteus aculeatus).Molecular ecology · 2018Article
- The role of physiological traits in assortment among and within fish shoals.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2017Review
- Eda haplotypes in three-spined stickleback are associated with variation in immune gene expression.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Eco-immunology and bioinvasion: revisiting the evolution of increased competitive ability hypotheses.Evolutionary applications · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Current understanding of the immune system comes primarily from laboratory-based studies. There has been substantial interest in examining how it functions in the wild, but studies have been limited by a lack of appropriate assays and study species. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) provides an ideal system in which to advance the study of wild immunology, but requires the development of suitable immune assays. We demonstrate that meaningful variation in the immune response of stickleback can be measured using real-time PCR to quantify the expression of eight genes, representing the innate response and Th1-, Th2- and Treg-type adaptive responses. Assays are validated by comparing the immune expression profiles of wild and laboratory-raised stickleback, and by examining variation across populations on North Uist, Scotland. We also compare the immune response potential of laboratory-raised individuals from two Icelandic populations by stimulating cells in culture. Immune profiles of wild fish differed from laboratory-raised fish from the same parental population, with immune expression patterns in the wild converging relative to those in the laboratory. Innate measures differed between wild populations, whilst the adaptive response was associated with variation in age, relative size of fish, reproductive status and S. solidus infection levels. Laboratory-raised individuals from different populations showed markedly different innate immune response potential. The ability to combine studies in the laboratory and in the wild underlines the potential of this toolkit to advance our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary relevance of immune system variation in a natural setting.
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