SynthesisPloS one2015
Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 789 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
789 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,619 citations in OpenAlex.
- High rates of Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis co-infection in people with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and associated factors of syphilis among female sex workers in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Accuracy of self-collected versus healthcare worker collected specimens for diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in females: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men: A global systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, incidence, and associated factors.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Experimental Evolution of Drug Resistance for Antibiotic Target Discovery in Chlamydia trachomatis.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2027Article
- Split-GFP Reporter-Based Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusion Damage.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2027Article
- Molecular prevalence and socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral risk factors ofIJID regions · 2026Article
- German guideline on neurosyphilis.Neurological research and practice · 2026Review
- Long-acting reversible contraception, condom use and sexually transmitted infections in developing countries: a multi-country serial cross-sectional analysis using demographic and health surveys.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Chlamydia trachomatis serovar D replicates in uroepithelial T24/83 cells in the absence of overt inflammation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Harnessing the Vaginal Microbiome: A New Frontier in the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Chlamydia trachomatis Pneumonia in a 50-Day-Old Full-Term Male Infant Associated With Mucus Plugging of the Left Upper Lobe Bronchus and Left Upper Lobe Atelectasis.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Detection of Genital Pathogens and Co-Infections by Multiplex RT-qPCR: Associations with HIV Positivity and Demographic Factors.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- CRISPRi and beyond: studying essential gene function in the obligate intracellular bacteriumJournal of bacteriology · 2026Review
- Prevalence, seasonal patterns, and microbial co-occurrence of selected genital tract microorganisms in women attending a gynecological counseling service in Southern Italy.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Digital Anorectal Examination to Self-detect Primary Syphilis: A Prospective Cohort Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
729 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundQuantifying sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and incidence is important for planning interventions and advocating for resources. The World Health Organization (WHO) periodically estimates global and regional prevalence and incidence of four curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis. METHODS AND
findingsWHO's 2012 estimates were based upon literature reviews of prevalence data from 2005 through 2012 among general populations for genitourinary infection with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and trichomoniasis, and nationally reported data on syphilis seroprevalence among antenatal care attendees. Data were standardized for laboratory test type, geography, age, and high risk subpopulations, and combined using a Bayesian meta-analytic approach. Regional incidence estimates were generated from prevalence estimates by adjusting for average duration of infection. In 2012, among women aged 15-49 years, the estimated global prevalence of chlamydia was 4.2% (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 3.7-4.7%), gonorrhoea 0.8% (0.6-1.0%), trichomoniasis 5.0% (4.0-6.4%), and syphilis 0.5% (0.4-0.6%); among men, estimated chlamydia prevalence was 2.7% (2.0-3.6%), gonorrhoea 0.6% (0.4-0.9%), trichomoniasis 0.6% (0.4-0.8%), and syphilis 0.48% (0.3-0.7%). These figures correspond to an estimated 131 million new cases of chlamydia (100-166 million), 78 million of gonorrhoea (53-110 million), 143 million of trichomoniasis (98-202 million), and 6 million of syphilis (4-8 million). Prevalence and incidence estimates varied by region and sex.
conclusionsEstimates of the global prevalence and incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis in adult women and men remain high, with nearly one million new infections with curable STI each day. The estimates highlight the urgent need for the public health community to ensure that well-recognized effective interventions for STI prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment are made more widely available. Improved estimation methods are needed to allow use of more varied data and generation of estimates at the national level.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.