Observational studyBMC pediatrics2015
Intestinal microbiota composition after antibiotic treatment in early life: the INCA study.
Observational study in BMC pediatrics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02536560 ("Intestinal Microbiota Composition After Antibiotic Treatment in Early Life. The INCA Study"), which is not on this map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
"Intestinal Microbiota Composition After Antibiotic Treatment in Early Life. The INCA Study"
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multimodal Analysis of the Tissue Response to a Bone-Anchored Hearing Implant: Presentation of a Two-Year Case Report of a Patient With Recurrent Pain, Inflammation, and Infection, Including a Systematic Literature Review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Pooled it
- Oral antibiotics for neonatal infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Gut Microbial Diversity in Antibiotic-Naive Children After Systemic Antibiotic Exposure: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Trial
- Characterization of the Stool Microbiome in Hispanic Preschool Children by Weight Status and Time.Childhood obesity (Print)Trial
- Antibiotics in the first week of life are not associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders at 9-12 years of age.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2026Observational
- Vitamin K Biochemistry and Pharmacokinetics: The Basis of Late Vitamin K Deficiency Intracranial Bleeding in Early Infancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Antibiotics in the first week of life and the association with atopic diseases at ages 9-12: a prospective cohort study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life.Biology · 2025Review
- Effect of antibiotics in the first week of life on faecal microbiota development.Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition · 2022Article
- Congenital Infection Influence on Early Brain Development Through the Gut-Brain Axis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Parenteral Antimicrobial Treatment Diminishes FecalFrontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Probiotics for treating novel coronavirus with diarrhea: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis.Medicine · 2020Article
- Analysis of infant microbiota composition and the relationship with breast milk components in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) at the zoo.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2020Article
- Neonatal Antibiotic Treatment Is Associated With an Altered Circulating Immune Marker Profile at 1 Year of Age.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Observational
- Neonatal gut and respiratory microbiota: coordinated development through time and space.Microbiome · 2018Article
- Early microbiota, antibiotics and health.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2018Review
- Early Disruption of the Microbiome Leading to Decreased Antioxidant Capacity and Epigenetic Changes: Implications for the Rise in Autism.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2018Review
- Impact of prematurity and nutrition on the developing gut microbiome and preterm infant growth.Microbiome · 2017Article
- Anti-microbial stewardship: antibiotic use in well-appearing term neonates born to mothers with chorioamnionitis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe acquisition and development of infant gut microbiota can be influenced by numerous factors, of which early antibiotic treatment is an important one. However, studies on the effects of antibiotic treatment in early life on clinical outcomes and establishment and development of the gut microbiota of term infants are limited. Disturbed microbiota composition is hypothesized to be an underlying mechanism of an aberrant development of the immune system. This study aims to investigate the potential clinical and microbial consequences of empiric antibiotic use in early life. METHODS/
design450 term born infants, of whom 150 are exposed to antibiotic treatment in early life and 300 are not (control group), are included in this observational cohort study with a one-year follow-up. Clinical outcomes, including coughing, wheezing, fever >38 °C, runny nose, glue ear, rash, diarrhea and >3 crying hours a day, are recorded daily by parents and examined by previously defined doctor's diagnosis. A blood sample is taken at closure to investigate the infant's vaccination response and sensitization for food and inhalant allergens. Fecal samples are obtained at eight time points during the first year of life. Potential differences in microbial profiles of infants treated with antibiotics versus healthy controls will be determined by use of 16S-23S rRNA gene analysis (IS-pro). Microbiota composition will be described by means of abundance, diversity and (dis)similarity. Diversity is calculated using the Shannon index. Dissimilarities between samples are calculated as the cosine distance between each pair of samples and analyzed with principal coordinate analysis. Clinical variables and possible associations are assessed by appropriate statistics. DISCUSSION: Both clinical quantitative and qualitative microbial effects of antibiotic treatment in early life may be demonstrated. These findings can be important, since there is evidence that manipulation of the infant microbiota by using pre- or probiotics can restore the ecological balance of the microbiota and may mitigate potential negative effects on the developing immune system, when use of antibiotics cannot be avoided.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02536560. Registered 28 August 2015.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.