ArticleJournal of innate immunity2016
LL-37 Triggers Formation of Streptococcus pyogenes Extracellular Vesicle-Like Structures with Immune Stimulatory Properties.
Article in Journal of innate immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of immunostimulatory antigens in Group AProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Normoxic stress enhance the secretion of adhesion-promoting membrane vesicles byJournal of oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Streptococcus pyogenes EVs induce the alternative inflammasome via caspase-4/-5 in human monocytes.EMBO reports · 2025Article
- Extracellular defense of bacteria against antimicrobial peptides.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Outer membrane vesicle contributes to theMedComm · 2025Article
- A Streptococcus pyogenes DegV protein regulates the membrane lipid content and limits the formation of extracellular vesicles.PloS one · 2023Article
- The effects of LL-37 on virulence factors related to the quorum sensing system ofAnnals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin-2 improvesFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Identification and Functional Characterization of Peptides With Antimicrobial Activity From the Syphilis Spirochete,Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Extracellular Vesicles from Different Pneumococcal Serotypes Are Internalized by Macrophages and Induce Host Immune Responses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- AR-12 Has a Bactericidal Activity and a Synergistic Effect with Gentamicin against Group AInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Biological Effect ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- A Paradox in Bacterial Pathogenesis: Activation of the Local Macrophage Inflammasome Is Required for Virulence ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Prothrombotic and Proinflammatory Activities of the β-Hemolytic Group B Streptococcal Pigment.Journal of innate immunity · 2020Article
- The Role of Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Exotoxins and Proteases in Human Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections.Toxins · 2019Review
- Sub-inhibitory Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Review
- Variation, Indispensability, and Masking in the M protein.Trends in microbiology · 2018Review
- The Immunomodulatory Drug Glatiramer Acetate is Also an Effective Antimicrobial Agent that Kills Gram-negative Bacteria.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Enterococcus faecalis and pathogenic streptococci inactivate daptomycin by releasing phospholipids.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Reports have shown that the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is abundantly expressed but has limited bactericidal effect in Streptococcus pyogenes infections. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, LL-37 has been reported to alter virulence gene expression. Here, we explored the interaction of S. pyogenes strains with LL-37, focusing on bacterial growth, cell surface alterations and pro-inflammatory responses. Bioscreen turbidity measurements of strain 5448 cultured in the presence or absence of LL-37 confirmed the poor antimicrobial effect, and revealed a significant increase in turbidity of bacterial cultures exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of LL-37. However, this was not linked to increased bacterial counts. Electron microscopy of LL-37-exposed bacteria revealed the presence of vesicle-like structures on the bacterial surface. The vesicles stained positive for LL-37 and were released from the bacterial surface. Concentrated supernatants enriched in these structures had a broader protein content, including several virulence factors, compared to supernatants from untreated bacteria. The supernatants from LL-37-exposed bacteria were pro-inflammatory and elicited resistin and myeloperoxidase release from neutrophils. This is the first report on S. pyogenes extracellular vesicle-like structures formed at the bacterial surface in response to LL-37. The associated increased pro-inflammatory activity further implicates LL-37 as a potential factor involved in S. pyogenes pathogenesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.