ReviewBioMed research international2015
Following "the Roots" of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries.
Review in BioMed research international, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Reported associations between kratom and seizures: a systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Qualitative content analysis of public responses to an FDA inquiry on the impact of scheduling changes to kratom.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of kratom in humans.Human psychopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Photodistributed Hyperpigmentation in a Chronic Kratom User: Histologic and Elemental Characterization.Journal of cutaneous pathology · 2026Article
- Determination of mitragynine concentrations in medicolegal death investigations at the Oklahoma Office of the Chief Medical Examiner from 2022 to 2023.Journal of forensic sciences · 2026Article
- Mitragynine and Morphine Stabilize Different Conformations of the μ‑Opioid Receptor as Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Investigating Opioid Receptor Activity through Biocatalytic Halogenation and Oxidation of Mitragynine.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Mixtures Biotransformation: Multilayer Molecular Networking of Kratom Liver Metabolites.Journal of natural products · 2026Article
- Hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters of kratom users: a comparative study of users and non-users in Southern Thailand.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Review of Kratom Product Evolution and Its Associated Health Outcomes.Substance abuse and rehabilitation · 2026Review
- Observational real-world analysis of dose-dependent effects ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Managing 7-Hydroxymitragynine Use Disorder with Buprenorphine-Naloxone.Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare · 2026Article
- UV-B and far-red light shape morphological and phytochemical responses in kratom.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the unregulated online kratom market in two east-central European countries: test purchase and analysis of potential toxicological consequences.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Clinically characterizing adults who use kava or kratom: Substance use disorder assessment challenges for increasingly popular botanical products.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Kratom use among ethnobotanical tea bar patrons in Colorado: Subjective drug effects, adverse reactions, and perceived benefits of use.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- De facto opioids: Characterization of novel 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl product marketing.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- An exploratory study of the safety profile and neurocognitive function after single doses of mitragynine in humans.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) Fermentation Supernatant Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Complexities of Medications, Substance Abuse, and Plants for Recreational and Narcotic Purposes: An In-Depth Analysis.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of substances to enhance human abilities is a constant and cross-cultural feature in the evolution of humanity. Although much has changed over time, the availability on the Internet, often supported by misleading marketing strategies, has made their use even more likely and risky. This paper will explore the case of Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (kratom), a tropical tree used traditionally to combat fatigue and improve work productivity among farm populations in Southeast Asia, which has recently become popular as novel psychoactive substance in Western countries. Specifically, it (i) reviews the state of the art on kratom pharmacology and identification; (ii) provides a comprehensive overview of kratom use cross-culturally; (iii) explores the subjective experiences of users; (iv) identifies potential risks and side-effects related to its consumption. Finally, it concludes that the use of kratom is not negligible, especially for self-medication, and more clinical, pharmacological, and socioanthropological studies as well as a better international collaboration are needed to tackle this marginally explored phenomenon.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.