ReviewPediatric pulmonology2016
Protracted bacterial bronchitis: The last decade and the road ahead.
Review in Pediatric pulmonology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07232550 (Biomarkers and Respiratory Omics as New CHildren Opportunities - Study of Clinical Outcomes and Predictivity Evaluation - a Multi-cohort, Multi-center Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 66 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Biomarkers and Respiratory Omics as New CHildren Opportunities - Study of Clinical Outcomes and Predictivity Evaluation - a Multi-cohort, Multi-center Study
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- "Nebulized lidocaine for intractable cough in hospice care: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and future perspectives".BMC palliative care · 2025Pooled it
- Mucolytics for children with chronic suppurative lung disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Bacteria from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with suspected chronic lower respiratory tract infection: results from a multi-center, cross-sectional study in Spain.European journal of pediatrics · 2018Trial
- Structural Lung Disease in Children and Adolescents With Severe Neurological Disorders.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Article
- High rate of pulmonary exacerbations and neutrophilic airway inflammation in children with repaired esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Analysis of pathogen distribution and risk factors for extended antibiotic course in children with microbiological-based protracted bacterial bronchitis in southwest China.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Pediatric bronchiectasis-the importance of early diagnosis of children across the chronic wet cough spectrum.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Review
- Bacterial Isolates from Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Pediatric Patients with Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis or Bronchiectasis: A Retrospective Comparative Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Long-Term Pulmonary Sequelae 5-14 Years After Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis in Early Childhood.Pediatric pulmonology · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics of infants with protracted bacterial bronchitis: an observational cohort study.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Utilization of Inhaled Antibiotics in Pediatric Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis: A Comprehensive Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Neuromodulators in Acute and Chronic Cough in Children: An Update from the Literature.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Postinfectious Pulmonary Complications: Establishing Research Priorities to Advance the Field: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2024Review
- Tolerance to Haemophilus influenzae infection in human epithelial cells: Insights from a primary cell-based model.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Cough in Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis and Bronchiectasis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Endotypes of Paediatric Cough-Do They Exist and Finding New Techniques to Improve Clinical Outcomes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Neutrophilia in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increases coughing during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in a pediatric cohort.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Controversies in Antibiotic Use for Chronic Wet Cough in Children.The Journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Chronic Suppurative Lung Disease in Children: A Case Based Approach.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2023Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cough is the single most common reason for primary care physician visits and, when chronic, a frequent indication for specialist referrals. In children, a chronic cough (>4 weeks) is associated with increased morbidity and reduced quality of life. One common cause of childhood chronic cough is protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB), especially in children aged <6 years. PBB is characterized by a chronic wet or productive cough without signs of an alternative cause and responds to 2 weeks of appropriate antibiotics, such as amoxicillin-clavulanate. Most children with PBB are unable to expectorate sputum. If bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage are performed, evidence of bronchitis and purulent endobronchial secretions are seen. Bronchoalveolar lavage specimens typically reveal marked neutrophil infiltration and culture large numbers of respiratory bacterial pathogens, especially Haemophilus influenzae. Although regarded as having a good prognosis, recurrences are common and if these are frequent or do not respond to antibiotic treatments of up to 4-weeks duration, the child should be investigated for other causes of chronic wet cough, such as bronchiectasis. The contribution of airway malacia and pathobiologic mechanisms of PBB remain uncertain and, other than reduced alveolar phagocytosis, evidence of systemic, or local immune deficiency is lacking. Instead, pulmonary defenses show activated innate immunity and increased gene expression of the interleukin-1β signalling pathway. Whether these changes in local inflammatory responses are cause or effect remains to be determined. It is likely that PBB and bronchiectasis are at the opposite ends of the same disease spectrum, so children with chronic wet cough require close monitoring.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.