ArticleMedical devices (Auckland, N.Z.)2015
Evaluation of the impact of viscosity, injection volume, and injection flow rate on subcutaneous injection tolerance.
Article in Medical devices (Auckland, N.Z.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Ionization-Adjusted PN Filler in Minimizing Injection Pain: A Randomized, Patient-Blinded, Split-Face Study.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Trial
- Clinical Investigation of Large Volume Subcutaneous Delivery up to 25 mL for Lean and Non-Lean Subjects.Pharmaceutical research · 2024Trial
- Advances in subcutaneous injections: PRECISE II: a study of safety and subject preference for an innovative needle-free injection system.Drug delivery · 2021Trial
- Clinical Evaluation of an Investigational 5 mL Wearable Injector in Healthy Human Subjects.Clinical and translational science · 2021Trial
- Evaluation of injection-site-related adverse events with galcanezumab: a post hoc analysis of phase 3 studies in participants with migraine.BMC neurology · 2020Trial
- Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of parenterally administered dutogliptin: A prospective dose-escalating trial.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Trial
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- Protocol for ex vivo physicochemical assessment of photothermally preconditioned platelet-rich plasma.MethodsX · 2026Article
- Injection-related Pain and the Benefit of a Syringe Pump for Dupilumab Adherence in Children with Atopic Dermatitis: a Retrospective Cross-sectional Study.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2026Article
- Modeling Thixotropic Hydrogel Carriers to Limit Healthy-Tissue Exposure via Localized Drug Retention in Chemotherapy.Polymers · 2026Article
- Exploratory Analyses of Patient Preferences for Atezolizumab Subcutaneous Versus Intravenous from the IMscin002 Study in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Oncology and therapy · 2026Article
- High-Concentration Antibody Formulation via Solvent-Based Dehydration.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Clinical Qualification of Subcutaneous Injection Devices for Monoclonal Antibodies.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Beyond Side Effect: Immuno-Ethical Risk Analysis of Animal-Derived Ingredients in Pharmaceuticals.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Review
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- Short Peptides as Excipients in Parenteral Protein Formulations: A Mini Review.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Matching placebo development for injectable biologics-a practical tutorial.Antibody therapeutics · 2025Article
- Comparison of Intrarenal and Intravenous Injections of Sodium Pentobarbital for Euthanasia in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimThe primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of fluid injection viscosity in combination with different injection volumes and flow rates on subcutaneous (SC) injection pain tolerance.
methodsThe study was a single-center, comparative, randomized, crossover, Phase I study in 24 healthy adults. Each participant received six injections in the abdomen area of either a 2 or 3 mL placebo solution, with three different fluid viscosities (1, 8-10, and 15-20 cP) combined with two different injection flow rates (0.02 and 0.3 mL/s). All injections were performed with 50 mL syringes and 27G, 6 mm needles. Perceived injection pain was assessed using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 mm/no pain, 100 mm/extreme pain). The location and depth of the injected fluid was assessed through 2D ultrasound echography images.
resultsViscosity levels had significant impact on perceived injection pain (P=0.0003). Specifically, less pain was associated with high viscosity (VAS =12.6 mm) than medium (VAS =16.6 mm) or low (VAS =22.1 mm) viscosities, with a significant difference between high and low viscosities (P=0.0002). Target injection volume of 2 or 3 mL was demonstrated to have no significant impact on perceived injection pain (P=0.89). Slow (0.02 mL/s) or fast (0.30 mL/s) injection rates also showed no significant impact on perceived pain during SC injection (P=0.79). In 92% of injections, the injected fluid was located exclusively in SC tissue whereas the remaining injected fluids were found located in SC and/or intradermal layers.
conclusionThe results of this study suggest that solutions of up to 3 mL and up to 15-20 cP injected into the abdomen within 10 seconds are well tolerated without pain. High viscosity injections were shown to be the most tolerated, whereas injection volume and flow rates did not impact perceived pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.