ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2015
Environmental Transmission of Typhoid Fever in an Urban Slum.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Using hospital-based studies of community-onset bloodstream infections to make inferences about typhoid fever incidence.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2019Pooled it
- Seasonal dynamics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.Scientific reports · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Does plastic waste present an infection hazard? Current evidence, surveillance challenges and research priorities.One health outlook · 2026Review
- Seroincidence Rate of Typhoidal Salmonella in Children, Kenya, 2017-2018.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Antibiotics and priority effects on colonizing resistant Escherichia coli strain assemblages in a community setting.PloS one · 2026Article
- Optimal control of Typhoid fever transmission under environmental and public health interventions.PloS one · 2026Article
- Malaria and typhoidal co-infection among febrile patients: a health facility-based cross-sectional study in Northern Ghana.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of three tests forPreventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Modelling Salmonella Typhi in high-density urban Blantyre neighbourhood, Malawi, using point pattern methods.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid fever in an urban slum of Dhaka City: Implications for targeted typhoid vaccination.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Development of a computational model to inform environmental surveillance sampling plans for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in wastewater.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Association Among Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Status and Typhoid Risk in Urban Slums: Prospective Cohort Study in Bangladesh.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- Microbial Waterborne Diseases in India: Status, Interventions, and Future Perspectives.Current microbiology · 2023Review
- Spatial Distributions of Diarrheal Cases in Relation to Housing Conditions in Informal Settlements: A Cross-Sectional Study in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2023Article
- Environmental sampling for typhoidal Salmonellas in household and surface waters in Nepal identifies potential transmission pathways.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Dynamic Incidence of Typhoid Fever over a 10-Year Period (2010-2019) in Kibera, an Urban Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Spatial and Genomic Data to Characterize Endemic Typhoid Transmission.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEnteric fever due to Salmonella Typhi (typhoid fever) occurs in urban areas with poor sanitation. While direct fecal-oral transmission is thought to be the predominant mode of transmission, recent evidence suggests that indirect environmental transmission may also contribute to disease spread.
methodsData from a population-based infectious disease surveillance system (28,000 individuals followed biweekly) were used to map the spatial pattern of typhoid fever in Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi Kenya, between 2010-2011. Spatial modeling was used to test whether variations in topography and accumulation of surface water explain the geographic patterns of risk.
resultsAmong children less than ten years of age, risk of typhoid fever was geographically heterogeneous across the study area (p = 0.016) and was positively associated with lower elevation, OR = 1.87, 95% CI (1.36-2.57), p <0.001. In contrast, the risk of typhoid fever did not vary geographically or with elevation among individuals more than ten years of age [corrected].
conclusionsOur results provide evidence of indirect, environmental transmission of typhoid fever among children, a group with high exposure to fecal pathogens in the environment. Spatially targeting sanitation interventions may decrease enteric fever transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.