ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
Stonefish toxin defines an ancient branch of the perforin-like superfamily.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Eastern Pacific scorpionfish Scorpaena mystes and Scorpaena plumieri (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae) from the coast of Brazil: two geminate species with very similar venoms.Journal of fish biology · 2026Article
- Exploring the Terra incognita of AI-based domain classifications.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2025Article
- Multiple Horizontal Transfers of Immune Genes Between Distantly Related Teleost Fishes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Insights into the Protein-Lipid Interaction of Perivitellin-2, an Unusual Snail Pore-Forming Toxin.Toxins · 2025Article
- Interrogating stonefish venom: small molecules present in envenomation caused by Synanceia spp.FEBS open bio · 2025Article
- Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals the contribution of neoVTX genes to venom diversity of Synanceia verrucosa.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Distant relatives of a eukaryotic cell-specific toxin family evolved a complement-like mechanism to kill bacteria.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Reef Stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa) Provides Novel Insights into Stonustoxin (sntx) Genes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Genome of striped eel catfish (Zoological research · 2023Article
- Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins: The outstanding questions.IUBMB life · 2022Review
- Fish Cytolysins in All Their Complexity.Toxins · 2021Review
- Review
- The Geographic Distribution, Venom Components, Pathology and Treatments of Stonefish (Marine drugs · 2021Review
- A Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Mandarin Fish (Frontiers in genetics · 2021Article
- Functional and Structural Variation among Sticholysins, Pore-Forming Proteins from the Sea AnemoneInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- In-depth transcriptome reveals the potential biotechnological application ofThe journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2020Article
- A Key Motif in the Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins Reveals a Large Family of Related Proteins.mBio · 2020Article
- Quantitative trait loci and genes associated with salmonid alphavirus load in Atlantic salmon: implications for pancreas disease resistance and tolerance.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Ancient but Not Forgotten: New Insights Into MPEG1, a Macrophage Perforin-Like Immune Effector.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Novel Role for Animal Innate Immune Molecules: Enterotoxic Activity of a Snail Egg MACPF-Toxin.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The lethal factor in stonefish venom is stonustoxin (SNTX), a heterodimeric cytolytic protein that induces cardiovascular collapse in humans and native predators. Here, using X-ray crystallography, we make the unexpected finding that SNTX is a pore-forming member of an ancient branch of the Membrane Attack Complex-Perforin/Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin (MACPF/CDC) superfamily. SNTX comprises two homologous subunits (α and β), each of which comprises an N-terminal pore-forming MACPF/CDC domain, a central focal adhesion-targeting domain, a thioredoxin domain, and a C-terminal tripartite motif family-like PRY SPla and the RYanodine Receptor immune recognition domain. Crucially, the structure reveals that the two MACPF domains are in complex with one another and arranged into a stable early prepore-like assembly. These data provide long sought after near-atomic resolution insights into how MACPF/CDC proteins assemble into prepores on the surface of membranes. Furthermore, our analyses reveal that SNTX-like MACPF/CDCs are distributed throughout eukaryotic life and play a broader, possibly immune-related function outside venom.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.