ArticleCancer research2016
Penfluridol: An Antipsychotic Agent Suppresses Metastatic Tumor Growth in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Inhibiting Integrin Signaling Axis.
Article in Cancer research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular and Clinicopathological Biomarkers Predicting Brain Metastasis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Understanding nerve-tumor interactions: From basic biology to therapeutic innovation.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Drug repositioning: examining antipsychotic drugs and their anticancer effects.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2025Review
- Repurposing chlorpromazine for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis based on modulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and autophagy/mitophagy.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Leucine-rich repeat-containing 56 promotes breast cancer progression via modulation of the RhoA/ROCKs signaling axis.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Article
- Penfluridol synergizes with colistin to reverse colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacilli.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Anticancer effect of the antipsychotic agent penfluridol on epithelial ovarian cancer.Journal of gynecologic oncology · 2025Article
- Repurposing neuroleptics: clozapine as a novel, adjuvant therapy for melanoma brain metastases.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2025Article
- Paxillin and Kindlin: Research Progress and Biological Functions.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Article
- Editorial: Drug repurposing for cancer treatment: current and future directions.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Anti-neoplastic effects of the antipsychotic drug penfluridol in preclinical prostate cancer models.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Inhibition of the oncogenic channel Kv10.1 by the antipsychotic drug penfluridol.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Repurposing the antipsychotic drug penfluridol for cancer treatment (Review).Oncology reports · 2024Review
- Article
- Reprogramming tumor immune microenvironment by milbemycin oxime results in pancreatic tumor growth suppression and enhanced anti-PD-1 efficacy.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Critical functions of extracellular matrix in brain metastasis seeding.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023Review
- The origin of brain malignancies at the blood-brain barrier.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023Review
- Eco-friendly synthesis of new olanzapine derivatives and evaluation of their anticancer potential.RSC advances · 2023Article
- The complex relationship between integrins and oncolytic herpes Simplex Virus 1 in high-grade glioma therapeutics.Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Metastasis of breast cancer, especially to the brain, is the major cause of mortality. The inability of anticancer agents to cross the blood-brain-barrier represents a critical challenge for successful treatment. In the current study, we investigated the antimetastatic potential of penfluridol, an antipsychotic drug frequently prescribed for schizophrenia with anticancer activity. We show that penfluridol induced apoptosis and reduced the survival of several metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. In addition, penfluridol treatment significantly reduced the expression of integrin α6, integrin β4, Fak, paxillin, Rac1/2/3, and ROCK1 in vitro. We further evaluated the efficacy of penfluridol in three different in vivo tumor models. We demonstrate that penfluridol administration to an orthotopic model of breast cancer suppressed tumor growth by 49%. On the other hand, penfluridol treatment inhibited the growth of metastatic brain tumors introduced by intracardiac or intracranial injection of breast cancer cells by 90% and 72%, respectively. Penfluridol-treated tumors from all three models exhibited reduced integrin β4 and increased apoptosis. Moreover, chronic administration of penfluridol failed to elicit significant toxic or behavioral side effects in mice. Taken together, our results indicate that penfluridol effectively reduces the growth of primary TNBC tumors and especially metastatic growth in the brain by inhibiting integrin signaling, and prompt further preclinical investigation into repurposing penfluridol for the treatment of metastatic TNBC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.