Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26621738›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015

History of the ribosome and the origin of translation.

Anton S Petrov, Burak Gulen, Ashlyn M Norris, Nicholas A Kovacs, Chad R Bernier, Kathryn A Lanier, George E Fox, Stephen C Harvey, Roger M Wartell, Nicholas V Hud and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 160 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
160citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

160 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. The history of enzyme evolution embedded in metabolism.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Evolution of a core ribosomal innovation in octopus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. The selfish ribosome.PLoS biology · 2026
    Article
  9. Coevolution of RNase P and the ribosome.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Origins of life: the possible and the actual.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Article
  15. Science of the gaps.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

100 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Anton S PetrovSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; anton.petrov@biology.gatech.edu loren.williams@chemistry.gatech.edu.
Burak GulenSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332;
Ashlyn M NorrisSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332;
Nicholas A KovacsSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332;
Chad R BernierSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332;ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-548X
Kathryn A LanierSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332;
George E FoxDepartment of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204;
Stephen C HarveySchool of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.
Roger M WartellSchool of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.
Nicholas V HudSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332;
Loren Dean WilliamsSchool of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; anton.petrov@biology.gatech.edu loren.williams@chemistry.gatech.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We present a molecular-level model for the origin and evolution of the translation system, using a 3D comparative method. In this model, the ribosome evolved by accretion, recursively adding expansion segments, iteratively growing, subsuming, and freezing the rRNA. Functions of expansion segments in the ancestral ribosome are assigned by correspondence with their functions in the extant ribosome. The model explains the evolution of the large ribosomal subunit, the small ribosomal subunit, tRNA, and mRNA. Prokaryotic ribosomes evolved in six phases, sequentially acquiring capabilities for RNA folding, catalysis, subunit association, correlated evolution, decoding, energy-driven translocation, and surface proteinization. Two additional phases exclusive to eukaryotes led to tentacle-like rRNA expansions. In this model, ribosomal proteinization was a driving force for the broad adoption of proteins in other biological processes. The exit tunnel was clearly a central theme of all phases of ribosomal evolution and was continuously extended and rigidified. In the primitive noncoding ribosome, proto-mRNA and the small ribosomal subunit acted as cofactors, positioning the activated ends of tRNAs within the peptidyl transferase center. This association linked the evolution of the large and small ribosomal subunits, proto-mRNA, and tRNA.

Indexed as

Evolution, MolecularProtein BiosynthesisBiocatalysisEscherichia coliModels, MolecularNucleic Acid ConformationRibosomesRibosome SubunitsRNA, MessengerRNA, RibosomalRNA, TransferRNA, MessengerRNA, RibosomalRNA, TransferA-minor interactionsorigin of lifeRNA evolutiontranslation

Identifiers

PMID26621738
PMCPMC4687566

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.