Trial reportBMC public health2015
Socioeconomic predictors and consequences of depression among primary care attenders with non-communicable diseases in the Western Cape, South Africa: cohort study within a randomised trial.
Trial report in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of depression with glycaemic control in people living with diabetes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluating cognitive behavioral therapy as a solution for postnatal depression in economically disadvantaged regions.Archives of women's mental health · 2024Pooled it
- Social inequalities in antidepressant treatment outcomes: a systematic review.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
- Application of machine learning algorithms to identify risk factors for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A Taiwan diabetes registry study.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2025Article
- Study of cognitive functions and their association with depression in type II diabetes mellitus.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Predictive Factors of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Social Movement and Mental Health of South Korean Women Sexual Violence Survivors, 2012-2019.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Hyperinsulinemia Associated Depression.Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes · 2022Review
- Risk of Depression and Suicide in Diabetic Patients.Cureus · 2022Review
- The prevalence of depression and its associated factors among patients with diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary clinic in Gaborone, Botswana.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic Factors Related to Prevalence, Severity, and Contact Coverage of Depression in Primary Health Care.Psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology · 2021Article
- Implementation and Scale-Up of Integrated Depression Care in South Africa: An Observational Implementation Research Protocol.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2021Observational
- Prevalence of depressive symptoms in urban primary care settings: Botswana.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2021Article
- The experiences and perceptions of mental health service provision at a primary health centre in the Eastern Cape.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2021Article
- The validity and reliability of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for screening depression in primary health care patients in Botswana.BMC psychiatry · 2020Article
- Socioeconomic position and depression in South African adults with long-term health conditions: a longitudinal study of causal pathways.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2019Article
- Factors associated with the use of outpatient services among the elderly in Indonesia.BMC health services research · 2018Article
- Untreated depression and tuberculosis treatment outcomes, quality of life and disability, Ethiopia.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2018Article
- High social trust associated with increased depressive symptoms in a longitudinal South African sample.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2018Article
- Evaluating the effect of the Practical Approach to Care Kit on teaching medical students primary care: Quasi-experimental study.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic predictors and consequences of depression and its treatment were investigated in 4393 adults with specified non-communicable diseases attending 38 public sector primary care clinics in the Eden and Overberg districts of the Western Cape, South Africa.
methodsParticipants were interviewed at baseline in 2011 and 14 months later, as part of a randomised controlled trial of a guideline-based intervention to improve diagnosis and management of chronic diseases. The 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) was used to assess depression symptoms, with higher scores representing more depressed mood.
resultsHigher CESD-10 scores at baseline were independently associated with being less educated (p = 0.004) and having lower income (p = 0.003). CESD-10 scores at follow-up were higher in participants with less education (p = 0.010) or receiving welfare grants (p = 0.007) independent of their baseline scores. Participants with CESD-10 scores of ten or more at baseline (56 % of all participants) had 25 % higher odds of being unemployed at follow-up (p = 0.016), independently of baseline CESD-10 score and treatment status. Among participants with baseline CESD-10 scores of ten or more, antidepressant medication at baseline was independently more likely in participants who had more education (p = 0.002), higher income (p < 0.001), or were unemployed (p = 0.001). Antidepressant medication at follow up was independently more likely in participants with higher income (p = 0.023), and in clinics with better access to pharmacists (p = 0.053) and off-site drug delivery (p = 0.013).
conclusionsSocioeconomic disadvantage appears to be both a cause and consequence of depression, and may also be a barrier to treatment. There are opportunities for improving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of depression in primary care in inequitable middle income countries like South Africa.
trial registrationThe trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials ( ISRCTN20283604 ).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.