ReviewMatrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology
Maturation stage enamel malformations in Amtn and Klk4 null mice.
Review in Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Citrate Transporter NaCT and Enamel Mineralization: TheInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Genomic basis of developmental defects of enamel and sex-specific effects.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Effects of fluoride and lead on enamel composition during the maturation stage of amelogenesis in rat mandibular third molars.Calcified tissue international · 2026Review
- Article
- From biofilm control to biomimetic remineralization: Hydrogels in prevention and treatment of dental caries.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Using computer-generated protein models to analyze mutations linked to Amelogenesis Imperfecta.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Differential effects of parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and abaloparatide on collagen 1 expression by mouse cementoblasts and mouse tooth root density.American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics · 2023Article
- Review
- Enamel Structure Defects inBiomedicines · 2023Article
- Early evolution of enamel matrix proteins is reflected by pleiotropy of physiological functions.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Association of KLK4 rs2235091 polymorphism with susceptibility to dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Enamel biomineralization under the effects of indomethacin and celecoxib non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Review
- Three-Dimensional Culture of Ameloblast-Originated HAT-7 Cells for Functional Modeling of Defective Tooth Enamel Formation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Protein nanoribbons template enamel mineralization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Tooth Enamel and its Dynamic Protein Matrix.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Amelogenic transcriptome profiling in ameloblast-like cells derived from adult gingival epithelial cells.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Transcriptional regulation of human amelotin gene by interleukin-1β.FEBS open bio · 2018Article
- Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates human amelotin gene transcription in gingival epithelial cells.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) and kallikrein-4 (KLK4) are secreted proteins specialized for enamel biomineralization. We characterized enamel from wild-type, Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-), Amtn(+/-)Klk4(+/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice to gain insights into AMTN and KLK4 functions during amelogenesis. All of the null mice were healthy and fertile. The mandibular incisors in Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice were chalky-white and chipped. No abnormalities except in enamel were observed, and no significant differences were detected in enamel thickness or volume, or in rod decussation. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) maximum intensity projections localized the onset of enamel maturation in wild-type incisors distal to the first molar, but mesial to this position in Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice, demonstrating a delay in enamel maturation in Amtn(-/-) incisors. Micro-CT detected significantly reduced enamel mineral density (2.5 and 2.4gHA/cm(3)) in the Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice respectively, compared with wild-type enamel (3.1gHA/cm(3)). Backscatter scanning electron microscopy showed that mineral density progressively diminished with enamel depth in the Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice. The Knoop hardness of the Amtn(-/-) outer enamel was significantly reduced relative to the wild-type and was not as hard as the middle or inner enamel. Klk4(-/-) enamel hardness was significantly reduced at all levels, but the outer enamel was significantly harder than the inner and middle enamel. Thus the hardness patterns of the Amtn(-/-) and Klk4(-/-) mice were distinctly different, while the Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) outer enamel was not as hard as in the Amtn(-/-) and Klk4(-/-) mice. We conclude that AMTN and KLK4 function independently, but are both necessary for proper enamel maturation.
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