SynthesisThe lancet. Psychiatry2016
Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in The lancet. Psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 117 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 269 citations in OpenAlex.
- Initial physical health assessment for psychosis in Australia and New Zealand: 2026 recommendations.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2026Guideline
- Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence in Morocco (2000-2024): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Barriers and facilitators to accessing sexual and reproductive health services for people with severe mental illness: a systematic review.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Schizophrenia.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2020Pooled it
- Noncommunicable diseases among HIV-infected persons in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Pooled it
- Interventions and approaches to integrating HIV and mental health services: a systematic review.Health policy and planning · 2017Pooled it
- A nurse navigator program for the management of hepatitis C virus in patients with severe mental disorder. A feasibility trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- The RESPECT study: a feasibility randomised controlled trial of a sexual health promotion intervention for people with serious mental illness in community mental health services in the UK.BMC public health · 2020Trial
- The impact of psychiatric symptoms on condom self-efficacy among people with serious mental illness.Psychiatric rehabilitation journal · 2020Trial
- Challenges and opportunities in the science of research to practice: lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial of a sexual risk-reduction intervention for psychiatric patients in a public mental health system.Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2020Trial
- Randomized Trial of Reverse Colocated Integrated Care on Persons with Severe, Persistent Mental Illness in Southern Texas.Journal of general internal medicine · 2020Trial
- Sexual health promotion in people with severe mental illness: the RESPECT feasibility RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2019Trial
- HIV Testing and Care Among Publicly Insured Enrollees With Schizophrenia: Is There a Benefit to Dual Eligibility?Psychiatric research and clinical practice · 2026Article
- Article
- High prevalence of CNS-directed autoantibodies in patients with schizophrenia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- HIV Testing and Prevention Services in Behavioral Health Organizations: A Multi-method Study Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir in Participants with Chronic HCV Infection and Comorbidities or Multiple Concomitant Medications: An Integrated Analysis.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Identifying the vulnerable among the vulnerable: applying quantitative intersectionality methods to assess potential inequities in the HIV continuum of care for people living with schizophrenia in the united States.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- The Relationship Between Psychotic Experiences and Sexual Risky Behaviors: Moderating Effects of Childhood Trauma and Depression in Population-Based Young Adults from Tunisia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence and predictors of HCV infection among hospitalized psychiatric patients in Poland.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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- Erratum issuedCorrections.2016
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough people with serious mental illnesses have a high risk of contracting blood-borne viral infections, sexual health has largely been neglected by researchers and policy makers involved in mental health. Failure to address this shortcoming could increase morbidity and mortality as a result of undetected and untreated infection. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of blood-borne viral infection in people with serious mental illness.
methodWe searched the Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and DARE for studies of the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in people with serious mental illness, published between Jan 1, 1980, and Jan 1, 2015. We group prevalence data by region and by virus and estimated pooled prevalence. We did a sensitivity analysis of the effect of study quality on prevalence.
findingsAfter removal of duplicates, we found 373 abstracts, 91 of which met our eligibility criteria. The prevalences of blood-borne viral infections in people with serious mental illness were higher than in the general population in places with low prevalence of blood-borne viruses, such as the USA and Europe, and on par with the general population in regions with high prevalence of blood-borne viruses (Africa for HIV and southeast Asia for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus). Pooled prevalence of HIV in people with serious mental illness in the USA was 6·0% (95% CI 4·3-8·3). Sensitivity analysis showed that quality scores did not significantly affect prevalence.
interpretationPeople with serious mental illness are at risk of blood-borne viral infections. However, because of methodological limitations of the studies the prevalence might be overestimated. Serious mental illness is unlikely to be a sole risk factor and risk of blood-borne viral infection is probably multifactorial and associated with low socioeconomic status, drug and alcohol misuse, ethnic origin, and sex. Health providers should routinely discuss sexual health and risks for blood-borne viruses (including risks related to drug misuse) with people who have serious mental illness, as well as offering testing and treatment for those at risk.
fundingWellcome Trust.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.