ArticleStatistics in medicine2016
Statistical methods for studying disease subtype heterogeneity.
Article in Statistics in medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 200 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
200 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Background polygenic risk modulates the association between glaucoma and cardiopulmonary diseases and measures: an analysis from the UK Biobank.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of Khat (Catha edulis) Use as a Risk Factor of Cancer: A Systematic Review.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2020Pooled it
- Blood levels of cadmium and lead in relation to breast cancer risk in three prospective cohorts.International journal of cancer · 2019Pooled it
- Pre-diagnosis plasma immune markers and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in two prospective cohort studies.Haematologica · 2018Trial
- Alcohol intake and risk of stomach cancer: a pooled analysis of 20 cohorts.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2026Article
- Parental occupational exposure to pesticides at birth and risk of adult testicular germ cell tumours in offspring: a French nationwide case-control study.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Article
- Cigarette smoking and long-term incidence of colorectal cancer subclassified by tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells: A prospective cohort study.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- Glycemic index, glycemic load, and colorectal cancer risk stratified by insulin receptor expression: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Dietary intake of one-carbon nutrients and colorectal cancer risk according to TP53 status.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2026Article
- The Accuracy of Maxillary Canines' Rotation with Different Attachment Designs: A Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Unique role of the prospective cohort incident-tumor biobank method in etiological research.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Review
- Long-term yogurt intake and colorectal cancer incidence subclassified byGut microbes · 2025Article
- Air Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk: A Parallel Analysis of Five Large US Prospective Cohorts.American journal of public health · 2025Article
- Plasma metabolites, metabolic risk score and colorectal cancer risk: a prospective cohort study.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Efficiency for evaluation of disease etiologic heterogeneity in case-case and case-control studies.The international journal of biostatistics · 2025Article
- Pre-diagnostic circulating bile acid concentrations and liver cancer risk: a nested case-control analysis of 12 cohorts.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2025Article
- Appendectomy and Long-term Colorectal Cancer Incidence, Overall and by Tumor Fusobacterium nucleatum Status.Annals of surgery · 2025Article
- Exogenous Hormones, Tumor Intrinsic Subtypes, and Breast Cancer.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Childhood or adolescent abuse and primary open-angle glaucoma in a longitudinal cohort of women.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Colorectal Cancer Screening Based on Fecal Immunochemical Test and Risk Assessment: A Population-based Study Including Two Million Participants in China.Journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
140 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A fundamental goal of epidemiologic research is to investigate the relationship between exposures and disease risk. Cases of the disease are often considered a single outcome and assumed to share a common etiology. However, evidence indicates that many human diseases arise and evolve through a range of heterogeneous molecular pathologic processes, influenced by diverse exposures. Pathogenic heterogeneity has been considered in various neoplasms such as colorectal, lung, prostate, and breast cancers, leukemia and lymphoma, and non-neoplastic diseases, including obesity, type II diabetes, glaucoma, stroke, cardiovascular disease, autism, and autoimmune disease. In this article, we discuss analytic options for studying disease subtype heterogeneity, emphasizing methods for evaluating whether the association of a potential risk factor with disease varies by disease subtype. Methods are described for scenarios where disease subtypes are categorical and ordinal and for cohort studies, matched and unmatched case-control studies, and case-case study designs. For illustration, we apply the methods to a molecular pathological epidemiology study of alcohol intake and colon cancer risk by tumor LINE-1 methylation subtypes. User-friendly software to implement the methods is publicly available.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.