ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2016
Birth by Caesarean Section and the Risk of Adult Psychosis: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pediatrics Consequences of Caesarean Section-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Association of Cesarean Delivery With Risk of Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders in the Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2019Pooled it
- The Rising Global Cesarean Section Rates and Their Impact on Maternal and Child Health: A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Maternal early pregnancy body mass index and bipolar disorder in the offspring.Bipolar disorders · 2024Article
- The Translational Future of Stress Neurobiology and Psychosis Vulnerability: A Review of the Evidence.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Changes in DNA methylation associated with a specific mode of delivery: a pilot study.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Associations of pregnancy complications and neonatal characteristics with bipolar disorder in the offspring: Nationwide cohort and sibling-controlled studies.Bipolar disorders · 2023Article
- Association between birth by caesarian section and anxiety, self-harm: a gene-environment interaction study using UK Biobank data.BMC psychiatry · 2023Observational
- Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Host Immunity: Impact on Inflammation and Immunotherapy.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Role of the gut microbiome in three major psychiatric disorders.Psychological medicine · 2022Review
- Altered stress responses in adults born by Caesarean section.Neurobiology of stress · 2022Article
- Birth signalling hormones and the developmental consequences of caesarean delivery.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2021Review
- Birth by cesarean section and mood disorders among adolescents of a birth cohort study in northern Brazil.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2021Article
- Delivery Modality Affect Neonatal Levels of Inflammation, Stress, and Growth Factors.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Inflammation in Mental Disorders: Is the Microbiota the Missing Link?Neuroscience bulletin · 2020Review
- The Gut Microbiome and Schizophrenia: The Current State of the Field and Clinical Applications.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Review
- Psychoses sans Frontieres: towards an interdisciplinary understanding of psychosis risk amongst migrants and their descendants.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2019Article
- A Critical Review of the Bacterial Baptism Hypothesis and the Impact of Cesarean Delivery on the Infant Microbiome.Frontiers in medicine · 2018Review
- Review
- Mode of delivery and child and adolescent psychological well-being: Evidence from Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort.Scientific reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the biological plausibility of an association between obstetric mode of delivery and psychosis in later life, studies to date have been inconclusive. We assessed the association between mode of delivery and later onset of psychosis in the offspring. A population-based cohort including data from the Swedish National Registers was used. All singleton live births between 1982 and 1995 were identified (n= 1,345,210) and followed-up to diagnosis at age 16 or later. Mode of delivery was categorized as: unassisted vaginal delivery (VD), assisted VD, elective Caesarean section (CS) (before onset of labor), and emergency CS (after onset of labor). Outcomes included any psychosis; nonaffective psychoses (including schizophrenia only) and affective psychoses (including bipolar disorder only and depression with psychosis only). Cox regression analysis was used reporting partially and fully adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sibling-matched Cox regression was performed to adjust for familial confounding factors. In the fully adjusted analyses, elective CS was significantly associated with any psychosis (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03, 1.24). Similar findings were found for nonaffective psychoses (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99, 1.29) and affective psychoses (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05, 1.31) (χ(2)for heterogeneityP= .69). In the sibling-matched Cox regression, this association disappeared (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.78, 1.37). No association was found between assisted VD or emergency CS and psychosis. This study found that elective CS is associated with an increase in offspring psychosis. However, the association did not persist in the sibling-matched analysis, implying the association is likely due to familial confounding by unmeasured factors such as genetics or environment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.