SynthesisBMC public health2015
Provider costs for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and related conditions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of the Role of Recreational Activities and Dietary Management in Treating Hypertension and Hyperglycaemia in Adults in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Pooled it
- Cost of Chronic Heart Failure Among Adult Europeans-A Systematic Literature Review.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Pooled it
- Environmental Planning and Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review on the Role of the Metabolomic Profile.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- The costs of interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in South Africa - a systematic literature review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- The household financial burden of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Health research policy and systems · 2021Pooled it
- Cost of illness for childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of evidence and modelled estimates.BMC public health · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Direct Cardiovascular Event Costs: An International Perspective.PharmacoEconomics · 2019Pooled it
- The economic burden of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2018Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of the simplified multicomponent primary care management of cardiovascular risk in Tibet, China: a within-trial and modeled economic evaluation.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Trial
- Powering health: how clean energy access reduces cardiovascular mortality in children.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Spatial-temporal variations of stroke mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Cost analysis of the WHO-HEARTS program for hypertension control and CVD prevention in primary health facilities in Ethiopia.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Liuzijue training improves hypertension and modulates gut microbiota profile.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- Direct medical costs of ischemic heart disease in urban Southern China: a 5-year retrospective analysis of an all-payer health claims database in Guangzhou City.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Green leafy vegetable intakes are inversely related to the incidence of stroke.European journal of preventive cardiology · 2022Article
- Assessment and valuation of health impacts of fine particulate matter during COVID-19 lockdown: a comprehensive study of tropical and sub tropical countries.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- A Model for Risk Prediction of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevalence-Based on Community Residents Aged 40 and above in a City in China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Cost Analysis of Health Examination Screening Program for Ischemic Heart Disease in Active-Duty Military Personnel in the Middle-Income Country.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Household Economic Consequences of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Uganda.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Article
- Vasorelaxant-Mediated Antihypertensive Effect of the Leaf Aqueous Extract fromBioMed research international · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk conditions is rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries, where health systems are generally ill-equipped to manage chronic disease. Policy makers need an understanding of the magnitude and drivers of the costs of cardiovascular disease related conditions to make decisions on how to allocate limited health resources.
methodsWe undertook a systematic review of the published literature on provider-incurred costs of treatment for cardiovascular diseases and risk conditions in low- and middle-income countries. Total costs of treatment were inflated to 2012 US dollars for comparability across geographic settings and time periods.
resultsThis systematic review identified 60 articles and 143 unit costs for the following conditions: ischemic heart disease, non-ischemic heart diseases, stroke, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Cost data were most readily available in middle-income countries, especially China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. The most common conditions with cost studies were acute ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke, and hypertension.
conclusionsEmerging economies are currently providing a base of cost evidence for NCD treatment that may prove useful to policy-makers in low-income countries. Initial steps to publicly finance disease interventions should take account of costs. The gaps and limitations in the current literature include a lack of standardized reporting as well as sparse evidence from low-income countries.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.