ArticleToxins2015
Botulinum Neurotoxins: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Using the Mouse Phrenic Nerve Hemidiaphragm Assay (MPN).
Article in Toxins, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diaphragm-Directed Strategies for Prolonged Air Leak Prevention After Lung Resection: A Narrative Review of the Residual Pleural Space Paradigm.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- A belt-buckle checkpoint regulates the onset of botulinum neurotoxin intoxication.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The mouse diaphragm assay in botulinum toxin therapy.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Elucidating the crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A: a personal remembrance.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Botulinum neurotoxin A mutants with enhanced ganglioside binding show improved potency and altered ganglioside selectivity.Communications chemistry · 2025Article
- Article
- Identifying Different Immunoresistance Risk Profiles Among Experienced Aesthetic Botulinum Neurotoxin A Recipients: A Latent Class Analysis.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Review
- Activity of botulinum neurotoxin X and its structure when shielded by a non-toxic non-hemagglutinin protein.Communications chemistry · 2024Article
- Real-world Implications of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Immunoresistance for Consumers and Aesthetic Practitioners: Insights from ASCEND Multidisciplinary Panel.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Presynaptic targeting of botulinum neurotoxin type A requires a tripartite PSG-Syt1-SV2 plasma membrane nanocluster for synaptic vesicle entry.The EMBO journal · 2023Article
- Structural basis for botulinum neurotoxin E recognition of synaptic vesicle protein 2.Nature communications · 2023Article
- The complex relationship between antibody titers and clinical outcome in botulinum toxin type A long-term treated patients with cervical dystonia.Journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Construction and validation of safe Clostridium botulinum Group II surrogate strain producing inactive botulinum neurotoxin type E toxoid.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Article
- Emerging Opportunities in Human Pluripotent Stem-Cells Based Assays to Explore the Diversity of Botulinum Neurotoxins as Future Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- The Extreme Ends of the Treatment Response Spectrum to Botulinum Toxin in Cervical Dystonia.Toxins · 2020Article
- The 25 kDa HToxins · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The historical method for the detection of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is represented by the mouse bioassay (MBA) measuring the animal survival rate. Since the endpoint of the MBA is the death of the mice due to paralysis of the respiratory muscle, an ex vivo animal replacement method, called mouse phrenic nerve (MPN) assay, employs the isolated N. phrenicus-hemidiaphragm tissue. Here, BoNT causes a dose-dependent characteristic decrease of the contraction amplitude of the indirectly stimulated muscle. Within the EQuATox BoNT proficiency 13 test samples were analysed using the MPN assay by serial dilution to a bath concentration resulting in a paralysis time within the range of calibration curves generated with BoNT/A, B and E standards, respectively. For serotype identification the diluted samples were pre-incubated with polyclonal anti-BoNT/A, B or E antitoxin or a combination of each. All 13 samples were qualitatively correctly identified thereby delivering superior results compared to single in vitro methods like LFA, ELISA and LC-MS/MS. Having characterized the BoNT serotype, the final bath concentrations were calculated using the calibration curves and then multiplied by the respective dilution factor to obtain the sample concentration. Depending on the source of the BoNT standards used, the quantitation of ten BoNT/A containing samples delivered a mean z-score of 7 and of three BoNT/B or BoNT/E containing samples z-scores <2, respectively.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.