ArticleScientific reports2015
Armored kinorhynch-like scalidophoran animals from the early Cambrian.
Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Quantifying Evolutionary Dynamics of Arthropodization and Arthrodization.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The evolution of reproduction in Ediacaran-Cambrian metazoans.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025Article
- Exotic cuticular specializations in a Cambrian scalidophoran.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Preservation and early evolution of scalidophoran ventral nerve cord.Science advances · 2025Article
- The early CambrianProceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Ediacaran origin and Ediacaran-Cambrian diversification of Metazoa.Science advances · 2024Article
- Early evolution of the ecdysozoan body plan.eLife · 2024Article
- Post-Cambrian survival of the tubicolous scalidophoranBiology letters · 2024Article
- Musculature of an Early Cambrian cycloneuralian animal.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
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- Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan.BMC evolutionary biology · 2020Article
- Cuticular reticulation replicates the pattern of epidermal cells in lowermost Cambrian scalidophoran worms.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2020Article
- Origin of ecdysis: fossil evidence from 535-million-year-old scalidophoran worms.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Sedimentology and chemostratigraphy of the terminal Ediacaran Dengying Formation at the Gaojiashan section, South China.Geological magazine · 2019Article
- Isotopic evidence for temperate oceans during the Cambrian Explosion.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Caught in the act: priapulid burrowers in early Cambrian substrates.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Centimeter-wide worm-like fossils from the lowest Cambrian of South China.Scientific reports · 2017Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Morphology-based phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the Scalidophora (Kinorhyncha, Loricifera, Priapulida) and Nematoida (Nematoda, Nematomorpha), together constituting the monophyletic Cycloneuralia that is the sister group of the Panarthropoda. Kinorhynchs are unique among living cycloneuralians in having a segmented body with repeated cuticular plates, longitudinal muscles, dorsoventral muscles, and ganglia. Molecular clock estimates suggest that kinorhynchs may have diverged in the Ediacaran Period. Remarkably, no kinorhynch fossils have been discovered, in sharp contrast to priapulids and loriciferans that are represented by numerous Cambrian fossils. Here we describe several early Cambrian (~535 million years old) kinorhynch-like fossils, including the new species Eokinorhynchus rarus and two unnamed but related forms. E. rarus has characteristic scalidophoran features, including an introvert with pentaradially arranged hollow scalids. Its trunk bears at least 20 annuli each consisting of numerous small rectangular plates, and is armored with five pairs of large and bilaterally placed sclerites. Its trunk annuli are reminiscent of the epidermis segments of kinorhynchs. A phylogenetic analysis resolves E. rarus as a stem-group kinorhynch. Thus, the fossil record confirms that all three scalidophoran phyla diverged no later than the Cambrian Period.
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