ArticlePreventive medicine2016
The associations between US state and local social spending, income inequality, and individual all-cause and cause-specific mortality: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study.
Article in Preventive medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Causal Assessment of Income Inequality on Self-Rated Health and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Milbank quarterly · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of public assistance on long-term outcomes after hospitalization for acute heart failure.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Public funds, public safety: a scoping review of government spending decisions and their impact on interpersonal violence and suicide.Injury epidemiology · 2025Review
- Association of Health and Social Spending With Health Outcomes in OECD Countries.Health services research · 2025Article
- State-Level Tax Policy, Cancer Screening, and Mortality Rates in the US.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Association between governmental spending on social services and health care use among low-income older adults.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Measuring the effect of historical structural racism on community firearm violence in US cities.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- County-Level Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and Deaths of Despair in the US, 2000-2019.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Income Support Policy Packages and Birth Outcomes in U.S. States: An Ecological Analysis.Population research and policy review · 2023Article
- Income support policies and firearm violence prevention: A scoping review.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Local Welfare Systems and Health Inequalities: The Effects of Institutional Overlapping and Local Variations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Heterogeneity in Disparities in Life Expectancy Across US Metropolitan Areas.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2022Article
- Estimation of Potential Deaths Averted From Hypothetical US Income Support Policies.JAMA health forum · 2022Article
- Role of Firearm Ownership on 2001-2016 Trends in U.S. Firearm Suicide Rates.American journal of preventive medicine · 2021Article
- Does low income effects 5-year mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma patients?International journal for equity in health · 2021Article
- Moving Beyond Simple Risk Prediction: Segmenting Patient Populations Using Consumer Data.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Associations between social determinants and the presence of chronic diseases: data from the osteoarthritis Initiative.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Is less more? Examining the relationship between food assistance benefit levels and childhood weight.SSM - population health · 2020Article
- Inequalities and Deteriorations in Cardiovascular Health in Premenopausal US Women, 1990-2016.American journal of public health · 2020Article
- Association Between Spending and Outcomes for Patients With Cancer.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate government state and local spending on public goods and income inequality as predictors of the risks of dying.
methodsData on 431,637 adults aged 30-74 and 375,354 adults aged 20-44 in the 48 contiguous US states were used from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study to estimate the impacts of state and local spending and income inequality on individual risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for leading causes of death in younger and middle-aged adults and older adults. To reduce bias, models incorporated state fixed effects and instrumental variables.
resultsEach additional $250 per capita per year spent on welfare predicted a 3-percentage point (-0.031, 95% CI: -0.059, -0.0027) lower probability of dying from any cause. Each additional $250 per capita spent on welfare and education predicted 1.6-percentage point (-0.016, 95% CI: -0.031, -0.0011) and 0.8-percentage point (-0.008, 95% CI: -0.0156, -0.00024) lower probabilities of dying from coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively. No associations were found for colon cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; for diabetes, external injury, and suicide, estimates were inverse but modest in magnitude. A 0.1 higher Gini coefficient (higher income inequality) predicted 1-percentage point (0.010, 95% CI: 0.0026, 0.0180) and 0.2-percentage point (0.002, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.002) higher probabilities of dying from CHD and suicide, respectively.
conclusionsEmpirical linkages were identified between state-level spending on welfare and education and lower individual risks of dying, particularly from CHD and all causes combined. State-level income inequality predicted higher risks of dying from CHD and suicide.
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