ReviewBiological psychiatry2016
Reduced Sleep Spindles in Schizophrenia: A Treatable Endophenotype That Links Risk Genes to Impaired Cognition?
Review in Biological psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 216 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysing an allelic series of rare missense variants of CACNA1I in a Swedish schizophrenia cohort.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- The effects of eszopiclone on sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Developmental and cellular vulnerabilities underlie genetic architecture of schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sleep Spindle Measures in Japanese Patients With Drug-Naïve Schizophrenia Using Standard Polysomnography Data: A Retrospective Pilot Study.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Public involvement and co-design of longitudinal studies of sleep health alongside young people with rare genetic conditions.Research involvement and engagement · 2026Article
- Targeting Sleep to Improve Outcomes in Psychosis: Digital and Non-Pharmacological Interventions.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Multimodal EEG-MRI Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Aperiodic and periodic neural activity during sleep in autism spectrum disorders.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Brain Health from Sleep EEG: A Multicohort, Deep Learning Biomarker for Cognition, Disease, and Mortality.NEJM AI · 2026Article
- Auditory-evoked changes in slow oscillations and spindles correlate with memory consolidation in children with epilepsy and controls.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Electrical Synapses Contribute to Sleep-Dependent Declarative Memory Retention.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Altered Network Function in Hippocampus After Sub-Chronic Activation of Cannabinoid Receptors in Early Adolescence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
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- Altered network function in hippocampus after sub-chronic activation of Cannabis receptors in peri-adolescence.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Neurocognition After Perturbed Sleep (NAPS): A Protocol for an Experimental Study Examining the Impact of Sleep on Neurocognition, Functioning, and Clinical Indicators in People with Schizophrenia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Joint Heritability of Sleep EEG Spindle Activity and Thalamic Volume in Early Adolescence.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- The Infraslow Fluctuation of Sigma Power During Sleep in Young Individuals with Schizophrenia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Neurophysiological effects of targeting sleep spindles with closed-loop auditory stimulation.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2025Article
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- Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although schizophrenia (SZ) is defined by waking phenomena, abnormal sleep is a common feature. In particular, there is accumulating evidence of a sleep spindle deficit. Sleep spindles, a defining thalamocortical oscillation of non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep, correlate with IQ and are thought to promote long-term potentiation and enhance memory consolidation. We review evidence that reduced spindle activity in SZ is an endophenotype that impairs sleep-dependent memory consolidation, contributes to symptoms, and is a novel treatment biomarker. Studies showing that spindles can be pharmacologically enhanced in SZ and that increasing spindles improves memory in healthy individuals suggest that treating spindle deficits in patients with SZ may improve cognition. Spindle activity is highly heritable, and recent large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified SZ risk genes that may contribute to spindle deficits and illuminate their mechanisms. For example, the SZ risk gene CACNA1I encodes a calcium channel that is abundantly expressed in the thalamic spindle generator and plays a critical role in spindle activity based on a mouse knockout. Future genetic studies of animals and humans can delineate the role of this and other genes in spindles. Such cross-disciplinary research, by forging empirical links in causal chains from risk genes to proteins and cellular functions to endophenotypes, cognitive impairments, symptoms, and diagnosis, has the potential to advance the mechanistic understanding, treatment, and prevention of SZ. This review highlights the importance of deficient sleep-dependent memory consolidation among the cognitive deficits of SZ and implicates reduced sleep spindles as a potentially treatable mechanism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.