ArticlePreventive medicine2016
National and state prevalence of smoke-free rules in homes with and without children and smokers: Two decades of progress.
Article in Preventive medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Secondhand smoke exposure and human health: an umbrella review.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Examining Psychosocial Correlates of a Home Smoking Ban Among Low-income Smokers: Analysis of Social Support, Unmet Social Needs, Perceived Stress, and Depressive Symptoms.Journal of community health · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Adverse childhood experiences and tobacco smoke exposure among U.S. school-aged children.Child protection and practice · 2025Article
- Disparities in trends of smoke-free home associated with socioeconomic disadvantages in the United States from 2001 to 2019.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Risk Factors for E-Cigarette Ban Relaxation in Homes With Adolescents.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2024Article
- Are People More Likely to Vape or Smoke Indoors? A Population Survey of Adults in England.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Contamination of surfaces in children's homes with nicotine and the potent carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Sleep Duration among U.S. Adolescents.Behavioral sleep medicine · 2024Article
- Influence of the home smoking environment and stress on smoking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among patients of federally qualified health centers in rural Georgia.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2024Article
- Tobacco usage in the home: a cross-sectional analysis of heated tobacco product (HTP) use and combustible tobacco smoking in Japan, 2023.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Household vaping bans and youth e-cigarette use.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Gastrointestinal Problems Among US Children.Clinical pediatrics · 2023Article
- Disparities in Smokefree and Vapefree Home Rules and Smokefree Policy Attitudes Based on Housing Type and Cigarette Smoking Status, United States, 2019.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Systematic braiding of Smoke-Free Home SafeCare to address child maltreatment risk and secondhand smoke exposure: findings from a pilot study.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2023Article
- Sources of Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Their Associations With Serum Cotinine Levels Among US Children and Adolescents.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure, School Engagement, School Success, and Afterschool Activity Participation Among US Children.The Journal of school health · 2022Article
- Disparities in Neighborhood Characteristics among U.S. Children with Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Tobacco smoke exposure and inadequate sleep among U.S. school-aged children.Sleep medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe home is the primary source of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for children. We assessed national and state progress in smoke-free home (SFH) rule adoption in homes with and without children and adult smokers.
methodsData came from the 1992-1993 and 2010-2011 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey, a U.S. national probability household survey. Households were defined as having a SFH rule if all household respondents aged ≥18 indicated no one was allowed to smoke inside the home at any time. Households with children were those with occupants aged <18. Smokers were those who smoked ≥100 lifetime cigarettes and now smoked "everyday" or "some days".
resultsFrom 1992-1993 to 2010-2011, SFH rule prevalence increased from 43.0% to 83.0% (p<.05). Among households with children, SFH rules increased overall (44.9% to 88.6%), in households without smokers (59.7% to 95.0%), and households with ≥1 smokers (9.7% to 61.0%) (p<.05). Among households without children, SFH rules increased overall (40.8% to 81.1%), in households without smokers (53.4% to 90.1%), and households with ≥1 smokers (6.3% to 40.9%) (p<.05). Prevalence increased in all states, irrespective of smoker or child occupancy (p<.05). In 2010-2011, among homes with smokers and children, SFH rule prevalence ranged from 36.5% (West Virginia) to 86.8% (California).
conclusionsConsiderable progress has been made adopting SFH rules, but many U.S. children continue to be exposed to SHS because their homes are not smoke-free. Further efforts to promote adoption of SFH rules are essential to protect all children from this health risk.
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