ArticleScience advances2015
Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels.
Article in Science advances, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 667 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
667 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Allstruder: an open syringe extruder for every 3D printer.HardwareX · 2026Article
- 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs for systemic diseases and localized injuries.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Suspended particles for omnidirectional template sacrifice for rapid vascular patterning within engineered tissues.Science advances · 2026Article
- Human cardiovascular organoids: Biomedical applications and ethical challenges.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026Review
- Curved by Design: Applying Microfluidic Principles for Nonplanar and Planar Suspended Tissue Patterning to the Development of Bladder Models with Tunable Mechanics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- High-Density, Extrudable Collagen Types I and II Microfiber-Based Inks for Tissue Engineering Applications.Polymers · 2026Article
- Hybrid 3D Printing of Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Complex Formed between Hyaluronic Acid and Poly-L-lysine Hydrogels.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Bioprinting the Craniofacial Region: A New Era in Regenerative Medicine and Dentistry.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Three-Dimensional Bioprinting in Reconstructive Plastic Surgery: A Comprehensive Review.Cells · 2026Review
- 3D Bioprinted Alginate-Gelatin-Collagen Based Hydrogels Laden With Fibroblast and Keratinocyte Cells Show Potential for Regeneration of Injured Skin.Macromolecular bioscience · 2026Article
- Hydrogels: current biomedical applications and future directions.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Advances in 3D Bioprinting for Scaffold-Based and Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Stable Protein-Based G-Quadruplex-Derived Supramolecular Bioinks as Tunable ECM-Mimetic Constructs Assembled by Combining Non-Covalent and Covalent Strategies.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Light-assisted 3D bioprinting of tough hydrogels in biomedical applications.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Article
- Coconut Oil as Lipid-Based 3D-Printable Sacrificial Material for the Facile Biofabrication of Precise Perfusable Microchannels and Freeform Hydrogel Structures.Small science · 2026Article
- Integrating microchannels and flows into 3D printable granular hydrogel matrices.Lab on a chip · 2026Article
- Accessible Biofabrication of Anatomically Inspired Hollow and Branched Hydrogel Constructs by Soft Templating (Sof-T).Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Support-Enabled 3D Printing of Complex Anisotropic Hydrogel Structures Using Cellulose-Based Inks: Pathways Toward Biomimetic Human Aorta Models.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2026Article
- Stress-relaxing granular bioprinting materials enable complex and uniform organoid self-organization.Nature materials · 2026Article
607 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We demonstrate the additive manufacturing of complex three-dimensional (3D) biological structures using soft protein and polysaccharide hydrogels that are challenging or impossible to create using traditional fabrication approaches. These structures are built by embedding the printed hydrogel within a secondary hydrogel that serves as a temporary, thermoreversible, and biocompatible support. This process, termed freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels, enables 3D printing of hydrated materials with an elastic modulus <500 kPa including alginate, collagen, and fibrin. Computer-aided design models of 3D optical, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging data were 3D printed at a resolution of ~200 μm and at low cost by leveraging open-source hardware and software tools. Proof-of-concept structures based on femurs, branched coronary arteries, trabeculated embryonic hearts, and human brains were mechanically robust and recreated complex 3D internal and external anatomical architectures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.