ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2016
PM2.5 and Mortality in 207 US Cities: Modification by Temperature and City Characteristics.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The local impacts of coal and oil power plant retirements on air pollution and cardiorespiratory health in California: An application of generalized synthetic control method.Environmental research · 2023Pooled it
- Short- and intermediate-term exposure to NOEnvironmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2020Pooled it
- Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis.Environment international · 2017Pooled it
- Bayesian Causal Methods for Environmental Accountability Studies with Heterogeneous Effects.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- Temporal Variation in the Association Between Short-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Mortality Across Subpopulations in North Carolina and Michigan, U.S.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Bidirectional effect modification between diurnal temperature range and particulate matter on acute myocardial infarction risk.iScience · 2026Article
- Excess risk of heat-related hospitalization associated with temperature and PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Air pollution and Alzheimer's disease prevention: The science and a prevention plan.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Review
- Combined effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on the risk of newly tuberculosis cases: a time-series study in Tibet, China.International journal of biometeorology · 2025Article
- Effect Modification by Socioeconomic Status on the Associations between Early Placental Protein Damage and Exposure to Ambient Air PMEnvironmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Long-term exposure to ambient PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Potential causal links of long-term PMSustainable cities and society · 2025Article
- The global air pollution and undernutrition among children under five.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Interactive effects between extreme temperatures and PMEnvironmental research letters : ERL [Web site] · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic disparities in mortality from indoor air pollution: A multi-country study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Latent Archetypes of the Spatial Patterns of Cancer.Statistics in medicine · 2024Article
- [Impact of fine particulate matter exposure on non-accidental mortality under different apparent temperature levels].Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences · 2024Article
- Household air pollution disparities between socioeconomic groups in Chicago.Environmental research communications · 2024Article
- Hidden danger: The long-term effect of ultrafine particles on mortality and its sociodemographic disparities in New York State.Journal of hazardous materials · 2024Article
- Long-term exposure to PMBMC public health · 2024Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe reported estimated effects between long-term PM2.5 exposures and mortality vary spatially. We assessed whether community-level variables, including socioeconomic status indicators and temperature, modify this association.
methodsWe used data from >35 million Medicare enrollees from 207 US cities (2000-2010). For each city, we calculated annual PM2.5 averages, measured at ambient central monitoring sites. We used a variation of a causal modeling approach and fitted city-specific Cox models, which we then pooled using a random effects meta-regression. In this second stage, we assessed whether temperature and city-level variables, including smoking and obesity rates, poverty, education and greenness, modify the long-term PM2.5-mortality association.
resultsWe found an association between long-term PM2.5 and survival (hazard ratio = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 1.3 per 10 μg/m increase in the annual PM2.5 average concentrations). We observed elevated estimates in the Southeastern, South and Northwestern US (hazard ratio = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.7, 2.2, and 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.7, and 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.9, respectively). We observed a higher association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and mortality in warmer cities. Furthermore, we observed increasing estimates with increasing obesity rates, %residents and families in poverty, %black residents and %population without a high school degree, and lower effects with increasing median household income and %white residents.
conclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess modification by temperature and community-level characteristics on the long-term PM2.5-survival association. Our findings suggest that living in cities with high temperatures and low socio economic status (SES) is associated with higher effect estimates.
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